Two-dimensional material inks

Cryogenic 3D printing of dual-delivery scaffolds for improved bone regeneration with enhanced vascularization.

As a newly emerged mono-elemental nanomaterial, black phosphorus (BP) has been widely investigated for its fascinating physical properties, including layer-dependent tunable band gap (0.3-1.5 eV), high ON/OFF ratio (104 ), high carrier mobility (103 cm2 V-1 s-1 ), excellent mechanical resistance, as well as special in-plane anisotropic optical, thermal, and vibrational characteristics. However, the instability caused by chemical degradation of its surface has posed a severe challenge for its further applications. A focused BP/polymer strategy has more recently been developed and implemented to hurdle this issue, so at present BP/polymers have been developed that exhibit enhanced stability, as well as outstanding optical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. This has promoted researchers to further explore the potential applications of black phosphorous. In this review, the preparation processes and the key properties of BP/polymers are reviewed, followed by a detailed account of their diversified applications, including areas like optoelectronics, bio-medicine, and energy storage. Finally, in accordance with the current progress, the prospective challenges and future directions are highlighted and discussed.

Black Phosphorus/Polymers: Status and Challenges.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing as a powerful manufacturing platform has been increasingly used in biomedical engineering over the past two decades. Such technologies greatly improve our ability to fabricate a variety of complex and customized biomedical products accurately, efficiently, economically, and with high reproducibility through layer-by-layer positioning of materials, biomolecules, or even living cells in the products. Despite the impressive progress of 3D printing in biomedical engineering, more and greater efforts are needed to develop new and much improved biomedical products via 3D printing. In particular, many challenges in 3D printing processes, materials, and applications must be addressed in order to make available high-quality products and novel products to millions of patients. Addressing these challenges requires the integration of advances in physics, materials science, engineering, biological sciences, and medicine. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of 3D printing and its applications in the biomedical field. We systematically present and discuss 3D printing technologies, materials, cells, and applications that are associated with biomedical engineering. Additionally, 4D printing and bioprinting are reviewed. We give our analysis and put forward our views on the challenges for 3D printing in biomedical engineering and also possible future developments. It is apparent that 3D printing plays a more and more important role in biomedical engineering and can create a diverse range of high-value biomedical products. This comprehensive review can help to understand the current status and identify future directions of 3D printing in biomedical engineering, as well as moving 3D printing toward manufacturing newer and better biomedical products.

3D printing in biomedical engineering: Processes, materials, and applications

Black phosphorus-based 2D materials for bone therapy

The invention discloses a photo-thermal chemotherapy bone repair material and a preparation method of a tissue engineering scaffold. The bone repair material includes an oil-soluble high-molecular material, bio-ceramic powder, an oily solvent, a water-soluble bioactive material, water, an emulsifier, a chemotherapy medicine, and a photo-thermal agent. The preparation method includes: according tothe bone repair material, preparing a W/O emulsion, and sending the W/O emulsion to an ink cartridge of a printer as printing ink; establishing a tissue engineering scaffold three-dimensional model onCAD software, setting printing parameters, regulating the temperature of a shaping chamber in the printer, and printing a tissue engineering scaffold prefabricated member, so that when solvent in theprefabricated member is volatilized naturally, a finish product of the tissue engineering scaffold is formed. The tissue engineering scaffold has good mechanical character, can simulate bone tissue structure, has excellent bone guidance and bone conduction and excellent photo-thermal effect and is toxic-free, and can promote recovery of massive bone defects caused by bone tumor resection.

Photo-thermal chemotherapy bone repair material and preparation method of tissue engineering scaffold

Tumor resection is widely used to prevent tumor growth. However, the defected tissue at the original tumor site also causes tissue or organ dysfunction which lowers the patient's life quality. Therefore, regenerating the tissue and preventing tumor recurrence are highly important. Herein, according to the concept of 'first kill and then regenerate', a versatile scaffold-based tissue engineering strategy based on cryogenic 3D printing of water-in-oil polyester emulsion inks, containing multiple functional agents, was developed, in order to realize the elimination of tumor cells with recurrence suppression and improved tissue regeneration sequentially. To illustrate our strategy, water/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/dichloromethane emulsions containing β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), 2D black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets, low-dose doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and high-dose osteogenic peptide were cryogenically 3D printed into hierarchically porous and mechanically strong nanocomposite scaffolds, with multiple functions to treat bone tumor, resection-induced tissue defects. Prompt tumor ablation and long-term suppression of tumor recurrence could be achieved due to the synergistic effects of photothermotherapy and chemotherapy, and improved bone regeneration was obtained eventually due to the presence of bony environment and sustained peptide release. Notably, BP nanosheets in scaffolds significantly reduced the long-term toxicity phenomenon of released DOX during in vivo bone regeneration. Our study also provides insights for the design of multi-functional tissue engineering scaffolds for treating other tumor resection-induced tissue defects.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1758-5090/ab6d35/pdf

Cryogenic 3D printing of porous scaffolds for in situ delivery of 2D black phosphorus nanosheets, doxorubicin hydrochloride and osteogenic peptide for treating tumor resection-induced bone defects.

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Photo-thermal chemotherapy bone repair material and preparation method of tissue engineering scaffold

Cryogenic 3D printing of porous scaffolds for in situ delivery of 2D black phosphorus nanosheets, doxorubicin hydrochloride and osteogenic peptide for treating tumor resection-induced bone defects.