Importance The risk of procedural clinical complications and the case-fatality rate (CFR) from preventive treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms varies between studies and may depend on treatment modality and risk factors. Objective To assess current procedural clinical 30-day complications and the CFR from endovascular treatment (EVT) and neurosurgical treatment (NST) of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and risk factors of clinical complications. Data Sources We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database, and the Cochrane Database for studies published between January 1, 2011, and January 1, 2017. Study Selection Studies reporting on clinical complications, the CFR, and risk factors, including 50 patients or more undergoing EVT or NST for saccular unruptured intracranial aneurysms after January 1, 2000, were eligible. Data Extraction and Synthesis Per treatment modality, we analyzed clinical complication risk and the CFR with mixed-effects logistic regression models for dichotomous data. For studies reporting data on complication risk factors, we obtained risk ratios (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs and pooled risk estimates with weighted random-effects models. Main Outcomes and Measures Clinical complications within 30 days and the CFR. Results We included 114 studies (106 433 patients with 108 263 aneurysms). For EVT (74 studies), the pooled clinical complication risk was 4.96% (95% CI, 4.00%-6.12%), and the CFR was 0.30% (95% CI, 0.20%-0.40%). Factors associated with complications from EVT were female sex (pooled OR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.01-1.11]), diabetes (OR, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.05-3.13]), hyperlipidemia (OR, 1.76 [95% CI, 1.3-2.37]), cardiac comorbidity (OR, 2.27 [95% CI, 1.53-3.37]), wide aneurysm neck (>4 mm or dome-to-neck ratio >1.5; OR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.38-2.11]), posterior circulation aneurysm (OR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.15-1.74]), stent-assisted coiling (OR, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.16-2.85]), and stenting (OR, 3.43 [95% CI, 1.45-8.09]). For NST (54 studies), the pooled complication risk was 8.34% (95% CI, 6.25%-11.10%) and the CFR was 0.10% (95% CI, 0.00%-0.20%). Factors associated with complications from NST were age (OR per year increase, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01-1.02]), female sex (OR, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.32-0.85]), coagulopathy (OR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.13-4.06]), use of anticoagulation (OR, 6.36 [95% CI, 2.55-15.85]), smoking (OR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.36-2.79]), hypertension (OR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.03-2.03]), diabetes (OR, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.54-3.67]), congestive heart failure (OR, 2.71 [95% CI, 1.57-4.69]), posterior aneurysm location (OR, 7.25 [95% CI, 3.70-14.20]), and aneurysm calcification (OR, 2.89 [95% CI, 1.35-6.18]). Conclusions and Relevance This study identifies risk factors for procedural complications. Large data sets with individual patient data are needed to develop and validate prediction scores for absolute complication risks and CFRs from EVT and NST modalities.

/pdf/procedural-clinical-complications-case-fatality-risks-and-1jeqpufhbe.pdf

Procedural Clinical Complications, Case-Fatality Risks, and Risk Factors in Endovascular and Neurosurgical Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Intracranial pseudoaneurysms account for about 1% of intracranial aneurysms with a high mortality. The natural history of intracranial pseudoaneurysm is not well-understood, and its management remains controversial. This review provides an overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, imaging, and management of intracranial pseudoaneurysms. Especially, this article emphasizes the factors that should be considered for the most appropriate management strategy based on the risks and benefits of each treatment option.

/pdf/intracranial-pseudoaneurysms-evaluation-and-management-22sh42u1j0.pdf

Intracranial Pseudoaneurysms: Evaluation and Management.

The initial treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) focuses on rapid recanalization, which often includes the use of endovascular therapies. Endovascular treatment depends upon micronavigation of catheters and devices into the cerebral vasculature, which is easier and safer with a motionless patient. Unfortunately, many stroke patients are unable to communicate and sufficiently cooperate with the procedure. Thus, general anesthesia (GA) with endotracheal intubation provides an attractive means of keeping the patient comfortable and motionless during a procedure that could otherwise be lengthy and uncomfortable. However, several recent retrospective studies have shown an association between GA and poorer outcomes in comparison with conscious sedation for endovascular treatment of AIS, though prospective studies are lacking. The underlying reasons why GA might produce a worse outcome are unknown but may include hemodynamic instability and hypotension, delays in treatment, prolonged intubation with or without neuromuscular blockade, or even neurotoxicity of the anesthetic agent itself. Currently, the choice between GA and conscious sedation should be tailored to the individual patient, on the basis of neurologic deficits, airway and hemodynamic status, and treatment plan. The use of institutional treatment protocols may best support efficient and effective care for AIS patients undergoing endovascular therapy. Important components of such protocols would include parameters to choose anesthetic modality, timeliness of induction, blood pressure goals, minimization of neuromuscular blockade, and planned extubation at the end of the procedure.

https://n.neurology.org/content/neurology/79/13_Supplement_1/S167.full.pdf

Anesthesia for endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke

Anesthesia for Endovascular Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in patients with proximal vertebral artery stenosis.

Object In this paper, the authors' goal was to report the outcome of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms undergoing endovascular treatment under conscious sedation (local anesthesia). Methods Between November 5, 2001, and February 5, 2009, the authors treated 340 patients with 358 unruptured aneurysms by using neurointerventional procedures at Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital (Buffalo, New York). The data were retrospectively reviewed for periprocedural safety and long-term follow-up. Results A total of 496 procedures were performed under local anesthesia. Of those, 370 procedures (74.6%) were completed successfully. In 82 procedures (16.5%), an associated medical or technical event occurred. Forty-four procedures (8.9%) were aborted. Rates of overall procedure-related morbidity and mortality were 1.2% (6 of 496) and 0.6% (3 of 496), respectively. The average hospital stay was 1.5 ± 2.5 days. Long-term follow-up was available in 261 (82.1%) of 318 patients whose procedures were performed with l...

Neurointerventional procedures for unruptured intracranial aneurysms under procedural sedation and local anesthesia: a large-volume, single-center experience.

Objectives To compare our experience with sirolimus and paclitaxel-eluting stents (drug-eluting stents [DES]) and non-drug-eluting stents (NDES) for treatment of vertebral artery (VA) origin stenosis and review the literature. Methods A retrospective review of our prospectively collected database was performed. Clinical and radiologic follow up was obtained by reviewing office records and radiology. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, presenting symptoms, stenosis severity, contralateral VA stenosis and/or carotid stenosis, type of stent used, angioplasty before or after stenting, post-treatment residual stenosis, clinical and radiological follow up and retreatment. Patients with symptomatic > 60% stenosis or asymptomatic > 70% stenosis and/or a hypoplastic or occluded contralateral VA or significant carotid occlusion were chosen for revascularization. Results Thirty-five patients treated with NDES and 15 treated with DES for management of VA origin stenosis were identified. The technical success rate of the procedure was 100%. There were no procedural complications. There were 7 asymptomatic patients (NDES Group-4, DES Group-3). In the NDES Group, 9 patients had pre-stent angioplasty; 2 had post-stent angioplasty. In the DES group, 4 patients had post-stent angioplasty. Symptoms resolved in 30/31 (96.8%) patients treated with NDES and 11/12 (91.7%) treated with DES. Thirty-six patients had radiologic follow up (median 21.3 months); in-stent restenosis was documented in 11 patients (NDES 9/24 [38%], DES 2/12 [17%]). Among patients receiving NDES, re-stenotic lesions required angioplasty in 7 patients. No patients in the DES group required angioplasty. Conclusions DES for treatment of VA origin stenosis may decrease the incidence of restenosis when compared to NDES. Validation in prospective, randomized, multicenter trials is necessary.

Restenosis rates following vertebral artery origin stenting: does stent type make a difference?

Background: Traumatic intracranial pseudoaneurysms in children are typically the result of blunt or penetrating head injury. There are isolated reports of pseudoa

/pdf/stent-assisted-coiling-treatment-of-pediatric-traumatic-32h1gdhupn.pdf

Stent-assisted coiling treatment of pediatric traumatic pseudoaneurysm resulting from tumor surgery.

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Papers

Neurointerventional procedures for unruptured intracranial aneurysms under procedural sedation and local anesthesia: a large-volume, single-center experience.

Restenosis rates following vertebral artery origin stenting: does stent type make a difference?

Stent-assisted coiling treatment of pediatric traumatic pseudoaneurysm resulting from tumor surgery.