OBJECTIVE This study aimed to quantitatively examine the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for studies of excessive or inadequate GWG, as compared with recommended GWG, in relation to the risk of ASD in offspring. Measures of the association from primary studies were pooled using a meta-analytic approach and expressed as weighted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS Nine studies were identified, including 323,253 participants with 4,135 cases of ASD from five cohort studies and 1,462 cases and 3,265 controls from four case-control studies. Evidence from cohort studies indicates that both excessive and inadequate GWG was significantly associated with a higher risk for ASD in offspring. The pooled OR of ASD was 1.10 (95% CI: 1.02-1.18) for excessive GWG and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04-1.24) for inadequate GWG using recommended GWG as the reference. Evidence from case-control studies suggests that excessive GWG (1.38 [95% CI: 1.19-1.62]) but not inadequate GWG (0.87 [95% CI: 0.72-1.04]) was significantly associated with a higher risk for ASD. CONCLUSIONS The accumulated evidence has supported that gaining weight outside the recommended GWG is associated with a higher risk for ASD in offspring.

Association Between Gestational Weight Gain and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring: A Meta-Analysis.

It has been revealed that gestational weight gain (GWG) influences the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the offspring, but the findings are inconsistent. The current study aimed to evaluat...

Gestational weight gain and risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) has been increasing globally, up to 47% of all pregnancies. Multiple studies have focused on the association between GWG and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring, however with inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate associations between excessive or insufficient GWG and offspring's neurodevelopmental outcomes. Meta-analysis of these 23 studies using a random-effects model revealed associations between excessive GWG and neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD & ID & ADHD together: OR=1.12 [95% CI 1.06-1.19]), ASD (OR=1.18 [95% CI 1.08-1.29]), ADHD (OR=1.08 [95% CI 1.02-1.14]), ASD with ID (OR=1.15 [95% CI 1.01-1.32]), and ASD without ID (OR=1.12 [95% CI 1.06-1.19]). Insufficient GWG was associated with higher risk for ID (OR=1.14 [95% CI 1.03-1.26]). These results emphasize the significant impact, though of small effect size, of GWG across multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. It is important to note that these results do not establish causality. Other factors such as genetic factors, gene-environment interactions may confound the relationship between GWG and neurodevelopmental outcomes. To better understand the role of GWG in neurodevelopmental disorders, future studies should consider using genetically sensitive designs that can account for these potential confounders. 

Maternal gestational weight gain and offspring’s neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This study aimed to investigate whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are correlated to overweight/obesity in infants and to explore a threshold of 25(OH)D. A total of 1205 six-month-old infants from two community hospitals in Shanghai were randomly recruited, and 925 of them were followed up at 12 months. Concentration of 25(OH)D, weight, and length were measured at two time points. Overweight/obesity was defined as a weight-for-length Z-score >97th percentile. The prevalence of overweight/obesity at 6 and 12 months was 6.88% and 5.26%, respectively. The occurrence of vitamin D (VitD) deficiency (<20 ng/mL) at 6 and 12 months was 6.56% and 2.05%, respectively. Concentration of 25(OH)D at the corresponding age was negatively associated with weight-for-length percentile (WLP) at both 6 (adjusted β: −0.14; 95% CI: −0.27, −0.02; p = 0.02) and 12 months (adjusted β: −0.22; 95% CI: −0.41, −0.02; p = 0.03), while the relationship between 25(OH)D at 6 months and WLP at 12 months was nonlinear, where 35 ng/mL was identified as an inflection point. Those with a concentration of 25(OH)D <35 ng/mL at 6 months had a higher risk of overweight/obesity (adjusted OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.91; p = 0.02) compared to the group with a concentration of 25(OH)D ≥35 ng/mL. Moreover, a concentration of 25(OH)D <35 ng/mL at two time points significantly increased the risk of overweight/obesity at 12 months compared to the group with 25(OH)D concentration ≥35 ng/mL at two time points (adjusted OR: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.13, 7.46; p = 0.03). A suboptimal 25(OH)D concentration <35 ng/mL significantly increases the risk of overweight/obesity in infants.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/22/4897/pdf?version=1668845488

Association between Suboptimal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Overweight/Obesity in Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study in China

Background: According to epidemiological studies, the number of children affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has elevated notably in recent years, which increases the importance of identifying and controlling modifiable risk factors of ASD. Aim: We aim to explore the association of maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) with the risk of ASD in offspring. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, from October 2019 to July 2020. Data of 426 children (208 with ASD and 218 healthy) were collected using medical records and face-to-face interviews with their mothers. Results: Maternal GWG was significantly higher in the ASD group (P = .002). The percentage of inadequate (3.4% vs 0.5%) and excess (85.6% vs 56.0%) GWG was significantly higher in the ASD group (P < .001). Maternal (P < .001) and paternal (P = .004) ages were significantly lower in the ASD group compared with the healthy group. Boys were shown to be more affected by ASD than girls (P < .001). Results of multivariate regression indicated that maternal GWG [OR (95% CI): 1.10 (1.03, 1.19), P = .005], gestational age [OR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.05, 1.41), P= .009], maternal age [OR (95% CI): 0.82 (0.73, 0.91), P < .001], child male sex [OR (95% CI): 3.82 (2.31, 6.30), P < .001], and low education of father [OR (95% CI): 4.96 (1.56, 15.72), P = .006] were independently associated with increased risk of ASD. Conclusion: The results indicate that maternal excessive GWG, maternal and gestational age, parental low education level, and male sex of infant may independently increase the risk of ASD in offspring.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/09731342221096480

Contribution of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain to the Increased Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder Occurrence in Offspring

Objective To study the association between overweight/obesity in parents before maternal pregnancy and the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. Methods A total of 36 children who were diagnosed with ASD (ASD group) and 72 normal children matched for sex and age (control group) were enrolled. A questionnaire survey was performed to collect the general information, including body height and body weight of parents before maternal pregnancy and maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between overweight/obesity in parents before maternal pregnancy and ASD in offspring. Results The ASD group had a significantly higher detection rate of overweight/obesity in the father than the control group (56% vs 32%; P=0.018) before maternal pregnancy. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that overweight/obesity of the father before maternal pregnancy was a risk factor for ASD in offspring (OR=2.66 and 2.58 respectively; Pl0.05). Conclusions Overweight/obesity of the father before maternal pregnancy is an independent risk factor for ASD in offspring, and therefore, it is important for the father to control his body mass index within the normal range before maternal pregnancy.

[Association between overweight/obesity in parents and autism spectrum disorders in offspring].

Recent studies suggested that vitamin D is linked with obesity, but evidence in infants is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to make an exploration in infants. A total of 414 infants at one year old who visited Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Wuxi in China were recruited. Finger-stick blood sampling was conducted in all the subjects, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured. Maternal characteristics during pregnancy and infantile information were collected by questionnaires or extracting from medical records. Multivariable linear models were performed to assess the relationship between 25(OH)D and body mass index (BMI), while multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between 25(OH)D and obesity. Among the 414 infants, 69 (16.67%) and 81 (19.57%) infants were defined as obesity and vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L], respectively. The mean (SD) of 25(OH)D concentration was 68.05 (19.05) in infants without obesity, which was significantly higher than that of obese infants [60.36(18.49), p = .002]. Inverse linear relationships were observed between 25(OH)D level and BMI (β = -0.017, p = .004) as well as BMI Z-score (β = -0.010, p = .004). Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of obesity of infants (adjusted odds ratio = 2.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.20-6.25, with 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/L as a reference). The results showed that serum 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly lower in infants with obesity, suggesting vitamin D deficiency may be an independent risk factor for obesity among one-year-old Chinese infants.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.2279

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and obesity in one-year-old Chinese infants.

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[Association between overweight/obesity in parents and autism spectrum disorders in offspring].

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and obesity in one-year-old Chinese infants.