XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

Osteoarthritis, a disorder characterized by articular cartilage deterioration, varying degrees of inflammation, and chondrocyte apoptosis, is the most common chronic joint disease. To slow or reverse its progression, inflammation should be inhibited, and chondrocyte proliferation should be promoted. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids can be internalized by chondrocytes (even inflammatory chondrocytes) and can enhance their proliferation and migration. Wogonin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, suppresses oxidative stress and inhibits inflammation. In this study, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids were successfully self-assembled and used to load wogonin. We confirmed the effective formation of tetrahedral framework nucleic acid/wogonin complexes by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids, wogonin, and especially tetrahedral framework nucleic acid/wogonin complexes effectively alleviated inflammation in vitro and in vivo and prevented cartilage destruction. In addition, these materials remarkably downregulated the expression of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases, upregulated chondrogenic markers, and promoted tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression. In vivo, after treatment with tetrahedral framework nucleic acid/wogonin complexes, the bone mineral density in regenerated tissues was much higher than that found in the untreated groups. Histologically, the complexes enhanced new tissue regeneration, significantly suppressed chondrocyte apoptosis, and promoted chondrogenic marker expression. They also inhibited cell apoptosis, increased chondrogenic marker expression, and suppressed the expression of inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis. Therefore, we believe that tetrahedral framework nucleic acid/wogonin complexes can be used as an injectable form of therapy for osteoarthritis.

Effects of tetrahedral framework nucleic acid/wogonin complexes on osteoarthritis.

Controlled release of odontogenic exosomes from a biodegradable vehicle mediates dentinogenesis as a novel biomimetic pulp capping therapy.

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine utilize mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretome in efforts to create or induce functional tissue replacement. Exosomes are specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by MSCs and other cells that carry informative cargo from the MSC to targeted cells that influence fundamental cellular processes including apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and lineage-specific differentiation. In this report, we review the current knowledge regarding MSC exosome biogenesis, cargo and function. This review summarizes the use of MSC exosomes to control or induce bone, cartilage, dentin, mucosa, and pulp tissue formation. The next-step engineering of exosomes provides additional avenues to enhance oral and craniofacial tissue engineering and regeneration.

/pdf/a-role-for-exosomes-in-craniofacial-tissue-engineering-and-351fehymt7.pdf

A Role for Exosomes in Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Regeneration.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a strong risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In the population of people living with DM, PAD is characterised by multi-level atherosclerotic lesions as well as greater involvement of the arteries below the knee. DM is also a factor that significantly increases the risk of lower limb amputation. Percutaneous balloon angioplasty with or without stent implantation is an important method of the treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, but restenosis is a factor limiting its long-term effectiveness. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the course of DM differs slightly from that in the general population. In the population of people living with DM, more attention is drawn to such factors as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet dysfunction, blood rheological properties, hypercoagulability, and additional factors stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. DM is a risk factor for restenosis. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature and to present the most important information on the current state of knowledge on mechanisms and the clinical significance of restenosis and in-stent restenosis in patients with DM, especially in association with the endovascular treatment of PAD. The role of such processes as inflammation, neointimal hyperplasia and neoatherosclerosis, allergy, resistance to antimitotic drugs used for coating stents and balloons, genetic factors, and technical and mechanical factors are discussed. The information on restenosis collected in this publication may be helpful in planning further research in this field, which may contribute to the formulation of more and more precise recommendations for the clinical practice.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of In-Stent Restenosis in Patients with Diabetes.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to the key causative elements of neurological deficits. However, no effective therapeutics have been developed yet. In our previous work, extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) offered new insights as potential strategies for functional recovery of TBI. The current study aims to elucidate the mechanism of action, providing novel therapeutic targets for future clinical interventions. With the miRNA array performed and Real-time PCR validated, we revealed the crucial function of miR-330-5p transferred by SHED-derived EVs (SHED-EVs) in regulating microglia, the critical immune modulator in central nervous system. MiR-330-5p targeted Ehmt2 and mediated the transcription of CXCL14 to promote M2 microglia polarization and inhibit M1 polarization. Identified in our in vivo data, SHED-EVs and their effector miR-330-5p alleviated the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and resumed the motor functional recovery of TBI rats. In summary, by transferring miR-330-5p, SHED-EVs favored anti-inflammatory microglia polarization through Ehmt2 mediated CXCL14 transcription in treating traumatic brain injury. 

/pdf/dental-stem-cell-derived-extracellular-vesicles-transfer-mir-26un5m51.pdf

Dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles transfer miR-330-5p to treat traumatic brain injury by regulating microglia polarization

Signal transduction between different organs is crucial in the normal development of the human body As an important medium for signal communication, exosomes can transfer important information, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), from donors to receptors MiRNAs are known to fine-tune a variety of biological processes, including maxillofacial development; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown In the present study, transient apoptosis was found to be due to the expression of a miniature swine maxillofacial-specific miRNA, ssc-mir-133b Upregulation of ssc-mir-133b resulted in robust apoptosis in primary dental mesenchymal cells in the maxillofacial region Cell leukemia myeloid 1 (Mcl-1) was verified as the functional target, which triggered further downstream activation of endogenous mitochondria-related apoptotic processes during tooth development More importantly, mandible exosomes were responsible for the initial apoptosis signal An animal study demonstrated that ectopic expression of ssc-mir-133b resulted in failed tooth formation after 12 weeks of subcutaneous transplantation in nude mice The tooth germ developed abnormally without the indispensable exosomal signals from the mandible

/pdf/mandible-exosomal-ssc-mir-133b-regulates-tooth-development-36s97iqz0c.pdf

Mandible exosomal ssc-mir-133b regulates tooth development in miniature swine via endogenous apoptosis.

/pdf/dental-stem-cell-derived-extracellular-vesicles-transfer-mir-1jbvlczp.pdf

: Liver cancer is one of the most common clinical malignant tumors, but the existing conventional chemotherapy drugs have low bioavailability, poor targeting, while killing cancer cells but also hurt the normal cells of the body, will seriously damage the body's immune system. Nanoparticles are used as drugs, protein, vaccines, nucleic acid fragments and other ideal carriers, widely used in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis and treatment, especially in the treatment of tumors, showing great application prospects. Polysaccharides are the polymer of monosaccharides. As natural biological materials, they are not only highly stable, hydrophilic, safe and non-toxic, but also easy to degrade in vivo. They are the most ideal material for the matrix carrier of nano-drug carrying system. In addition, because chitosan has good biocompatibility and no immunogenic properties on this basis, this paper studies the connection, influence and significance between chitosan nanoparticles and liver cancer based on the improvement of chitosan nanoparticles and the direction of targeted therapy.

-15-Study on Chitosan Nanoparticles in Liver Cancer

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide with few effective treatments. Excessive oxidative stress and local inflammation at the injury site are considered as the critical factors that determine the therapeutic outcome. In our previous study, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived exosomes (SHED-Exo) promoted functional recovery of TBI by amelioration of neuro-inflammation. However, the effect was restricted due to unsustainable exosome release and existed oxidative stress that aggravate secondary insult of TBI. To obtain a long-time anti-inflammatory effect of SHED-Exo and attenuate oxidative stress simultaneously, we designed a bioactive antioxidant poly (citrate-gallic acid)-based hybrid hydrogel (FPGEGa) that encapsulate SHED-Exo for treating TBI. The thermosensitive, injectable, self-healing and antioxidant FPGEGa presented ultralong sustained release of SHED-Exo (above 21 days) and significantly decreased the intracellular ROS production of microglia in the central nervous system. FPGEGa carrying SHED-Exo ([email protected]) exhibited better anti-inflammatory potential on microglia, by promoting M2 (anti-inflammatory) polarization and inhibiting M1 (pro-inflammatory) polarization. [email protected] could improve the neuro-regeneration of TBI rats by rescuing damaged motor functions in rats as well as regenerating impaired cortical tissues. The present work suggested that SHED-Exo engineered bioactive antioxidative hydrogel may be promising in achieving satisfactory functional recovery in TBI and other related neurological disorders. 

Engineering antioxidant poly (citrate-gallic acid)-Exosome hybrid hydrogel with microglia immunoregulation for Traumatic Brain Injury-post neuro-restoration

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Xinxin Wang

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles transfer miR-330-5p to treat traumatic brain injury by regulating microglia polarization

Mandible exosomal ssc-mir-133b regulates tooth development in miniature swine via endogenous apoptosis.

Dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles transfer miR-330-5p to treat traumatic brain injury by regulating microglia polarization

-15-Study on Chitosan Nanoparticles in Liver Cancer

Engineering antioxidant poly (citrate-gallic acid)-Exosome hybrid hydrogel with microglia immunoregulation for Traumatic Brain Injury-post neuro-restoration