Microalgae have been developed as promising candidates for bioenergy production, coupled with answering challenges related to water pollution and global warming. When combined with wastewater, microalgal biomass production could be freed from a strong dependence on freshwater and chemical nutrients, as well as achieve the additional advantage of wastewater reclamation. However, despite those dual benefits, certain limitations on the growing of algae in wastewater remain to be resolved, including the inevitable presence of bacteria in wastewater, which influences biomass productivity and quality in various ways. Pointing at microalgal-bacterial relationships, this study provides an updated review of the application of microalgal-bacterial consortia (MABC) to benefit biomass yield and harvest, and in wastewater remediation, focusing on the main interactions established between the microorganisms integrated within MABC and the factors influencing the behaviours of MABC. The challenges faced by the MABC biotechnology are also discussed, which are primarily rooted in undesirable bacteria that parasitically eat microalgal products and inhibit algal growth through nutrient competition, lysate exudation, or reducing the algal resistance to biotic stress. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on maintaining stable and effective operation of MABCs for wastewater cultivation and high-value bioproduct generation. Knowledge gaps are identified as including systematic information about the responses of MABC to culture conditions and wastewater-borne bacterial communities, and the metabolic mechanisms underpinning the interactions between algae and bacteria in wastewater. Further research focuses and methodologies are proposed in this review, making full use of the advent of omics and computational technology.

Algal–bacterial consortia for bioproduct generation and wastewater treatment

Impacts of global warming on marine microbial communities.

Ambient conditions shape microbiome responses to both short- and long-duration environment changes through processes including physiological acclimation, compositional shifts, and evolution. Thus, we predict that microbial communities inhabiting locations with larger diel, episodic, and annual variability in temperature and pH should be less sensitive to shifts in these climate-change factors. To test this hypothesis, we compared responses of surface ocean microbes from more variable (nearshore) and more constant (offshore) sites to short-term factorial warming (+3 °C) and/or acidification (pH −0.3). In all cases, warming alone significantly altered microbial community composition, while acidification had a minor influence. Compared with nearshore microbes, warmed offshore microbiomes exhibited larger changes in community composition, phylotype abundances, respiration rates, and metatranscriptomes, suggesting increased sensitivity of microbes from the less-variable environment. Moreover, while warming increased respiration rates, offshore metatranscriptomes yielded evidence of thermal stress responses in protein synthesis, heat shock proteins, and regulation. Future oceans with warmer waters may enhance overall metabolic and biogeochemical rates, but they will host altered microbial communities, especially in relatively thermally stable regions of the oceans.

Environmental stability impacts the differential sensitivity of marine microbiomes to increases in temperature and acidity.

Diatoms and dinoflagellates are two major bloom-forming phytoplankton groups in coastal ecosystems and their dominances will notably affect the marine ecosystems. By analyzing an 18-year monthly monitoring dataset (2000-2017) in the Pearl River Estuary (one of the most highly urbanized and populated estuarine in the world), we observe an increasing trend of the diatom to dinoflagellate ratio (Diatom/Dino). As revealed by multiple statistical models (generalized additive mixed model, random forest, and gradient boosting algorithms), both groups are positively correlated with temperature. Diatoms are positively correlated with nitrate and negatively correlated with ammonium while dinoflagellates show an opposite pattern. The Diatom/Dino trend is explained by an altered nutrient composition caused by a decadal increase in anthropogenic input, at which nitrate increased rapidly while ammonium and phosphate were relatively constant. Regarding the interaction of warming and nutrient dynamics, we observe an additive effect of warming and nitrate enrichment that promotes the increase in diatom cell density, while the dinoflagellate cell density only increases with warming when nutrients are depleted. Our models predict that the Diatom/Dino ratio will further increase with increasing anthropogenic input and global warming in subtropical estuarine ecosystems with nitrate as the dominant inorganic nitrogen; its ecological consequences are worthy of further investigation.

Distinct interaction effects of warming and anthropogenic input on diatoms and dinoflagellates in an urbanized estuarine ecosystem.

Phytoplankton community structural reshaping as response to the thermal effect of cooling water discharged from power plant.

Average sea surface temperatures are expected to rise 4° this century, and marine phytoplankton and bacterial community composition, biogeochemical rates, and trophic interactions are all expected to change in a future warmer ocean. Thermal experiments typically use constant temperatures; however, weather and hydrography cause marine temperatures to fluctuate on diel cycles and over multiple days. We incubated natural communities of phytoplankton collected from California coastal waters during spring, summer, and fall under present-day and future mean temperatures, using thermal treatments that were either constant or fluctuated on a 48 h cycle. As assayed by marker-gene sequencing, the emergent microbial communities were consistent within each season, except when culture temperatures exceeded the highest temperature recorded in a 10-year local thermal dataset. When temperature treatments exceeded the 10-year maximum the phytoplankton community shifted, becoming dominated by diatom amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) not seen at lower temperatures. When mean temperatures were above the 10-year maximum, constant and fluctuating regimes each selected for different ASVs. These findings suggest coastal microbial communities are largely adapted to the current range of temperatures they experience. They also suggest a general hypothesis whereby multiyear upper temperature limits may represent thresholds, beyond which large community restructurings may occur. Now inevitable future temperature increases that exceed these environmental thresholds, even temporarily, may fundamentally reshape marine microbial communities and therefore the biogeochemical cycles that they mediate.

/pdf/transient-exposure-to-novel-high-temperatures-reshapes-1fv8lz4306.pdf

Transient exposure to novel high temperatures reshapes coastal phytoplankton communities.

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Transient exposure to novel high temperatures reshapes coastal phytoplankton communities.