an international collaborative project organized to publish the English edition and revision of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Flora of the People’s Republic of China, “FRPS”).The planned 25-volume FOC series, which is projected to be completed by 2013, will make available to the non-Chinese reading world, taxonomic treatments of one of the world’s richest and most diverse floras. China contains more than 1/12 of the earth’s total number of vascular plant species, approximately 53% of which are endemic. Volume 22, the twelfth to be published in the FOC series, is devoted solely to the grass family, Poaceae or Gramineae. This volume is the revision of the two-volume, 5-part FRPS treatment of the grasses that was published over the course of 15 years and completed in 1997. Grasses make up almost six percent of the total number of species of vascular plants in China. They occupy a variety of habitats across the country, from the moist forest steppe in the northeast, where wheat (Triticum L.) is cultivated, to the dry alpine steppe of the XizangQinghai plateau; to the northwest desert grasses, to the warm subtropical areas where rice (Oryza L.) is a major food crop. Worldwide there are 700 genera and 11,000 species of grasses, while in China (including Taiwan and the districts of Hong Kong and Macau), the grasses are represented by 28 tribes, 226 genera (7 endemic) and 1795 species (809 endemic). Twenty-five authors (15 Chinese and 10 from the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, or Switzerland) from 17 institutions collaborated on this volume. Although the treatment follows a modified Englerian system, the authors relied heavily on the Genera Graminum (Clayton and Renvoize, 1986) for the keys and descriptions of the tribes, and incorporated somemodern molecular studies. Before the treatment of the family begins, there is a useful glossary of botanical terms specific to the Poaceae, detailed line drawings of the parts of a typical grass, a systematic list of tribes and genera, and keys to the tribes. Taxa treated in this volume are either native to China, cultivated, or naturalized. Endemic genera and species are indicated with a bullet. The entry for each species includes the synonymy, author, a bibliographic citation, the Chinese name, and the Pinyin name. After the specific description, the chromosome numbers if known (2n=) are marked with an asterisk if from Chinese material. Habitats and provincial distributions are also provided, with occurrence beyond China given at the country level in brackets. A taxon’s economic and traditional medicine value is also noted. An informative note about the threatened status of several taxa is also provided. Many of China’s native species are valued for their uses in traditional medicine and for horticultural purposes. Many are overcollected and as China’s economy grows, many natural habitats are being destroyed or severely degraded. As in other FOC volumes, a list of nomenclatural novelties is added at the end of the volume. This is followed by three indices: Chinese plant names, Pinyin names, and scientific names. BOOK REVIEW

https://bioone.org/journals/harvard-papers-in-botany/volume-13/issue-2/1043-4534-13.2.299/Flora-of-China/10.3100/1043-4534-13.2.299.pdf

Flora of China

MYB transcription factors—master regulators of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and diverse developmental and stress responses

Soil salinization and alkalization severely inhibit agriculture. However, the response mechanisms of cotton to salt stress or alkali stress are unclear. Ionomics and metabolomics were used to investigate salt and alkali stresses in cotton roots and leaves. Compared with the control, salt-treated and alkali-treated cotton plants showed 51.8 and 53.0% decreases in biomass, respectively. Under salt stress, the concentration of N decreased in roots but increased in leaves, and the concentrations of P and K increased in roots but decreased in leaves. Salt stress inhibited Ca, B, N, and Fe uptake and Mg, K, P, S, and Cu transport, but promoted Mo, Mn, Zn, Mg, K, P, S, and Cu uptake and Mo, Mn, Zn, B, N, and Fe transport. Under alkali stress, the concentrations of N and P in roots and leaves decreased, while the concentrations of K in roots and leaves increased. Alkali stress inhibited P, Ca, S, N, Fe, and Zn uptake and N, P, Mg and B transport, but promoted K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Mg, and B uptake and K, Mn, Cu, Mo, Fe, and Zn transport. Under salt stress in the leaves, 93 metabolites increased, mainly organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, increased in abundance, while 6 decreased. In the roots, 72 metabolites increased, mainly amino acids, organic acids, and sugars, while 18 decreased. Under alkali stress, in the leaves, 96 metabolites increased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars, 83 metabolites decreased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars; In the roots, 108 metabolites increased, including organic acids, amino acids, and sugars. 83 metabolites decreased, including organic acids and amino acids. Under salt stress, cotton adapts to osmotic stress through the accumulation of organic acids, amino acids and sugars, while under alkali stress, osmoregulation was achieved via inorganic ion accumulation. Under salt stress, significant metabolic pathways in the leaves and roots were associated with amino acid and organic acid metabolism, sugar metabolism was mainly used as a source of energy, while under alkali stress, the pathways in the leaves were related to amino acid and linoleic acid metabolism, β-Oxidation, TCA cycle, and glycolysis were enhanced to provide the energy needed for life activities. Enhancing organic acid accumulation and metabolism in the roots is the key response mechanism of cotton to alkalinity.

/pdf/comparative-ionomics-and-metabolic-responses-and-adaptive-hhm1ii4h.pdf

Comparative Ionomics and Metabolic Responses and Adaptive Strategies of Cotton to Salt and Alkali Stress

Large and rapidly increasing areas of salt-affected soils are posing major challenges for the agricultural sector. Most fields used for the important food crop Triticum aestivum (wheat) are expected to be salt-affected within 50 years. To counter the associated problems, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in salt stress responses and tolerance, thereby enabling their exploitation in the development of salt-tolerant varieties. The myeloblastosis (MYB) family of transcription factors are key regulators of responses to both biotic and abiotic stress, including salt stress. Thus, we used the Chinese spring wheat genome assembled by the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium to identify putative MYB proteins (719 in total). Protein families (PFAM) analysis of the MYB sequences identified 28 combinations of 16 domains in the encoded proteins. The most common consisted of MYB_DNA-binding and MYB-DNA-bind_6 domains, and five highly conserved tryptophans were located in the aligned MYB protein sequence. Interestingly, we found and characterized a novel 5R-MYB group in the wheat genome. In silico studies showed that MYB transcription factors MYB3, MYB4, MYB13 and MYB59 are involved in salt stress responses. qPCR analysis confirmed upregulation of the expression of all these MYBs in both roots and shoots of the wheat variety BARI Gom-25 (except MYB4, which was downregulated in roots) under salt stress. Moreover, we identified nine target genes involved in salt stress that are regulated by the four MYB proteins, most of which have cellular locations and are involved in catalytic and binding activities associated with various cellular and metabolic processes.

/pdf/genome-wide-analysis-of-myb-transcription-factors-in-the-1s31ebgg.pdf

Genome-Wide Analysis of MYB Transcription Factors in the Wheat Genome and Their Roles in Salt Stress Response

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important crops grown worldwide, and saline–alkali stress seriously affects the yield and quality of rice. It is imperative to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying rice response to saline–alkali stress. In this study, we conducted an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome to elucidate the effects of long-term saline–alkali stress on rice. High saline–alkali stress (pH > 9.5) induced significant changes in gene expression and metabolites, including 9347 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 693 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Among the DAMs, lipids and amino acids accumulation were greatly enhanced. The pathways of the ABC transporter, amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, TCA cycle, and linoleic acid metabolism, etc., were significantly enriched with DEGs and DAMs. These results suggest that the metabolites and pathways play important roles in rice’s response to high saline–alkali stress. Our study deepens the understanding of mechanisms response to saline–alkali stress and provides references for molecular design breeding of saline–alkali resistant rice.

/pdf/integrated-transcriptome-and-metabolome-analysis-of-rice-nfume9a6.pdf

Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of Rice Leaves Response to High Saline–Alkali Stress

The R2R3-MYB is a large gene family involved in various plant functions, including carotenoid biosynthesis. However, this gene family lacks a comprehensive analysis in wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) and other Solanaceae species. The recent sequencing of the wolfberry genome provides an opportunity for investigating the organization and evolutionary characteristics of R2R3-MYB genes in wolfberry and other Solanaceae species. A total of 610 R2R3-MYB genes were identified in five Solanaceae species, including 137 in wolfberry. The LbaR2R3-MYB genes were grouped into 31 subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis, conserved gene structures, and motif composition. Five groups only of Solanaceae R2R3-MYB genes were functionally divergent during evolution. Dispersed and whole duplication events are critical for expanding the R2R3-MYB gene family. There were 287 orthologous gene pairs between wolfberry and the other four selected Solanaceae species. RNA-seq analysis identified the expression level of LbaR2R3-MYB differential gene expression (DEGs) and carotenoid biosynthesis genes (CBGs) in fruit development stages. The highly expressed LbaR2R3-MYB genes are co-expressed with CBGs during fruit development. A quantitative Real-Time (qRT)-PCR verified seven selected candidate genes. Thus, Lba11g0183 and Lba02g01219 are candidate genes regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in wolfberry. This study elucidates the evolution and function of R2R3-MYB genes in wolfberry and the four Solanaceae species.

/pdf/genome-wide-comparative-analysis-of-the-r2r3-myb-gene-family-2u7qhn6x.pdf

Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Gene Family in Five Solanaceae Species and Identification of Members Regulating Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Wolfberry

Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is an important economic crop widely grown in China. The effects of salt-alkaline stress on metabolites accumulation in the salt-tolerant Ningqi1 wolfberry fruits were evaluated across 12 salt-alkaline stress gradients. The soil pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− contents decreased at a gradient across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. Based on the widely-targeted metabolomics approach, we identified 457 diverse metabolites, 53% of which were affected by salt-alkaline stress. Remarkably, soil salt-alkaline stress enhanced metabolites accumulation in wolfberry fruits. Amino acids, alkaloids, organic acids, and polyphenols contents increased proportionally across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. In contrast, nucleic acids, lipids, hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, organic acids and derivatives and vitamins were significantly reduced by high salt-alkaline stress. A total of 13 salt-responsive metabolites represent potential biomarkers for salt-alkaline stress tolerance in wolfberry. Specifically, we found that constant reductions of lipids and chlorogenic acids; up-regulation of abscisic acid and accumulation of polyamines are essential mechanisms for salt-alkaline stress tolerance in Ningqi1. Overall, we provide for the first time some extensive metabolic insights into salt-alkaline stress tolerance and key metabolite biomarkers which may be useful for improving wolfberry tolerance to salt-alkaline stress.

/pdf/widely-targeted-metabolic-profiling-in-lycium-barbarum-ewelxpb7.pdf

Widely-Targeted Metabolic Profiling in Lycium barbarum Fruits under Salt-Alkaline Stress Uncovers Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance

The B-box proteins (BBXs) are a family of zinc-finger transcription factors with one/two B-Box domain(s) and play important roles in plant growth and development as well as stress responses. Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is an important traditional medicinal and food supplement in China, and its genome has recently been released. However, comprehensive studies of BBX genes in Lycium species are lacking. In this study, 28 LbaBBX genes were identified and classified into five clades by a phylogeny analysis with BBX proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and the LbaBBXs have similar protein motifs and gene structures. Promoter cis-regulatory element prediction revealed that LbaBBXs might be highly responsive to light, phytohormone, and stress conditions. A synteny analysis indicated that 23, 20, 8, and 5 LbaBBX genes were orthologous to Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, Capsicum annuum, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. The gene pairs encoding LbaBBX proteins evolved under strong purifying selection. In addition, the carotenoid content and expression patterns of selected LbaBBX genes were analyzed. LbaBBX2 and LbaBBX4 might play key roles in the regulation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin biosynthesis. Overall, this study improves our understanding of LbaBBX gene family characteristics and identifies genes involved in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in wolfberry.

/pdf/genome-wide-identification-and-analysis-of-the-bbx-gene-2uly0ozi.pdf

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the BBX Gene Family and Its Role in Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.)

Taking the leaves of five Machilus species as a research object, they are Machilus oreophila, Machilus chinensis, Machilus microcarpa, Machilus lichuanensis and Machilus suaveolens. By measuring leaf surface area, cell length and width , the total dust retention, pH value of retention fluid and the content of Pb, Cr, Fe, Cu and Cd of metallic elements were measured, and compare the dust retention of five plant seedling leaves ability. The results showed that: the leaves of different kinds of Machilus have different dust abilities. Comprehensive analysis can be obtained from five kinds of Machilus dust ability in descending order of M. suaveolens > M. lichuanensis > M. chinensis > M. microcarpa > M. oreophila.

/pdf/study-on-leaf-epidermis-structure-and-dust-retention-ability-2pf9n6fy9h.pdf

Study on leaf epidermis structure and dust-retention ability of five Machilus species.

A qualitative study on parental mediation of rural‐to‐urban migrant children's smartphone use in China: Concerns, strategies and challenges

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