The aquaculture industry requires good water quality for its successful operation but produces wastes that can cause environmental deterioration and pose high risks to the sector.Adequate waste treatment and recycling are necessary to make aquaculture a sustainable and profitable industry and contribute to the circular economy.Polluted water sources, excess feeding, overstocking, use of antibiotics/chemicals, and harmful algal blooms (HABs) are major causes of water quality deterioration and low production in aquaculture systems.Discharges of untreated wastes would have serious impacts on the receiving water bodies, and eventually on the aquaculture industry itself.Possible solutions include technological innovations in environmentally friendly production systems, use of efficient processes in water quality management, and improved legislation and governance.Environmentally feasible aquaculture production technologies such as RAS (recycling aquaculture system), IMTA (integrated multitrophic aquaculture), and aquaponics including features of waste recycling are viable 

pdf/water-quality-management-in-aquaculture-3q4tm38ql8.pdf

Water Quality Management in Aquaculture

Microbes play an important role in aquatic carbon cycling but we have a limited understanding of their functional responses to changes in temperature across large geographic areas. Here, we explored how microbial communities utilized different carbon substrates and the underlying ecological mechanisms along a space-for-time substitution temperature gradient of future climate change. The gradient included 47 lakes from five major lake regions in China spanning a difference of nearly 15°C in mean annual temperatures (MAT). Our results indicated that lakes from warmer regions generally had lower values of variables related to carbon concentrations and greater carbon utilization than those from colder regions. The greater utilization of carbon substrates under higher temperatures could be attributed to changes in bacterial community composition, with a greater abundance of Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteriota and less Proteobacteria in warmer lake regions. We also found that the core species in microbial networks changed with increasing temperature, from Hydrogenophaga and Rhodobacteraceae, which inhibited the utilization of amino acids and carbohydrates, to the CL500-29-marine-group, which promoted the utilization of all almost carbon substrates. Overall, our findings suggest that temperature can mediate aquatic carbon utilization by changing the interactions between bacteria and individual carbon substrates, and the discovery of core species that affect carbon utilization provides insight into potential carbon sequestration within inland water bodies under future climate warming.

Temperature-mediated microbial carbon utilization in China's lakes.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) in water bodies is a prerequisite for fish survival and plays a crucial role in fish growth, development, and physiological processes. However, with increasing eutrophication, greenhouse effects, and extreme weather conditions, DO levels in aquatic environments often become lower than normal. This leads to stress in fish, causing them to exhibit escape behavior, inhibits their growth and development, and causes tissue damage. Moreover, oxidative stress, decreased immune function, and altered metabolism have been observed. Severe hypoxia can cause massive fish mortality, resulting in significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. In response to hypoxia, fish exhibit a series of behavioral and physiological changes that are self-protective mechanisms formed through long-term evolution. This review summarizes the effects of hypoxic stress on fish, including the asphyxiation point, behavior, growth and reproduction, tissue structure, physiological and biochemical processes, and regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, future research directions are discussed to provide new insights and references. 

Hypoxia-induced physiological responses in fish: From organism to tissue to molecular levels

Hypoxia is a harmful result of anthropogenic climate change. With the expansion of global low-oxygen zones (LOZs), many organisms have faced unprecedented challenges affecting their survival and reproduction. Extensive research has indicated that oxygen limitation has drastic effects on aquatic animals, including on their development, morphology, behavior, reproduction, and physiological metabolism. In this review, the global distribution and formation of LOZs were analyzed, and the impacts of hypoxia on aquatic animals and the molecular responses of aquatic animals to hypoxia were then summarized. The commonalities and specificities of the response to hypoxia in aquatic animals in different LOZs were discussed lastly. In general, this review will deepen the knowledge of the impacts of hypoxia on aquaculture and provide more information and research directions for the development of fishery resource protection strategies.

Living in a hypoxic world: A review of the impacts of hypoxia on aquaculture.

Combined effects of microplastics and chlortetracycline on the intestinal barrier, gut microbiota, and antibiotic resistome of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata).

Effects of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture on microbial communities, antibiotic resistance genes, and cultured species: A case study of four mariculture systems

Composition and distribution of bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in fish of four mariculture systems.

Hypoxia is a common stressor for aquatic animals, including Epinephelus coioides , with a considerable impact on sustainable aquaculture. E. coioides is a widely consumed fish in China owing to its high nutritious value and taste. However, water hypoxia caused by high density culture process has become a great threat to E. coioides culture, and its response to hypoxia stress has not been discussed before. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the response of E. coioides to acute hypoxia using transcriptomic techniques. To this end, RNA sequencing was performed on the liver tissues of fish exposed to normoxic and hypoxic conditions for 1 h. The results presented 503 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver tissue of fish exposed to hypoxic condition compared with those in the normoxic group. Enrichment analysis using the Gene Ontology database showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched for functions related to cell apoptosis signaling pathways , insulin resistance, antioxidant enzymes, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis signaling pathways. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that HIF-1, PI3K-AKT, IL-17, NF-kappa B, and MAPK signaling pathways were significantly enriched by the DEGs. The DEGs were mainly involved in immune response, inflammatory response, cell apoptosis regulation, energy metabolism, and substance metabolism. Additionally, the hypoxia response in E. coioides was mainly regulated via the PI3K-AKT-HIF-1 signaling axis. Overall, the findings of this study contribute to the understanding of hypoxia stress response in E. coioides , and provides target genes for breeding hypoxia-tolerant Epinephelus spp. • The hypoxia response mechanism in liver tissues of Epinephelus coioides was first revealed. • Glycolytic metabolism is the main energy source of grouper under acute hypoxia stress. • The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway plays a key role in the hypoxia mechanism in the liver tissues of Epinephelus coioides . • Epinephelus coioides can prolong survival time under acute hypoxia stress by altering biological processes. 

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals physiological responses in liver tissues of Epinephelus coioides under acute hypoxia stress.

Transcriptome and hypoxia-responsive gene expression analyses reveal the physiological reaction to acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in Epinephelus coioides

Hypoxia is a critical problem in intensive Epinephelus coioides aquaculture systems. In the present study, the physiological responses of E. coioides muscle to acute hypoxic stress (DO = 0.6 ± 0.1 mg/L) and reoxygenation (DO = 6.0 ± 0.1 mg/L) were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT–PCR). RNA-seq was conducted on the muscle tissues of E. coioides in the hypoxia-tolerant (EMS), hypoxia-sensitive (EMW), and normoxic (CM) groups. Among the three groups, a total of 277 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. KEGG analysis revealed that the pathways significantly enriched after hypoxic stress are involved in the immune response, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, energy metabolism, vasodilation and proliferation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. qRT‒PCR verified that the differentially expressed genes FIH-1, PHD-2, PPARα, BCL-XL, LDH-A, and Flt-1 were significantly upregulated after hypoxic stress and returned to normal levels after reoxygenation, suggesting that these DEGs play important roles in responding to hypoxia treatment. In addition, the HIF-1 signaling pathway was also activated under hypoxic stress, and qRT‒PCR confirmed that the expression level of HIF-1α was significantly elevated under acute hypoxic stress, indicating that the HIF-1 signaling pathway is the central pathway in the E. coioides hypoxic response mechanism and activates other related pathways to adapt to hypoxic stress. These pathways jointly regulate energy metabolism, substance synthesis, blood vessel proliferation, cell proliferation, and differentiation and prolong survival time. These results provide ideas for understanding physiological regulation after hypoxic stress and reoxygenation and provide basic insights for the future breeding of hypoxia-tolerant E. coioides.

/pdf/rna-seq-and-qrt-pcr-analyses-reveal-the-physiological-swexd3lr.pdf

RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses reveal the physiological response to acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in Epinephelus coioides

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