With increasing amount of sewage sludge becoming an urgent and inevitable issue for every country, its applications in the production of construction and building materials provide an alternative solution for sludge disposal and resource recovery. Similar to clay and Portland cement, the main oxides in sewage sludge are SiO2 (10–25 %), Al2O3 (5–10 %) and CaO (10–30 %) which are increased in sludge ash after incineration to 25–50 %, 10–20 % and 15–30 %. Therefore, this solid waste can be utilized not only as raw material for the production of eco-cement, bricks, ceramic materials and lightweight aggregates through sintering process, but also as supplementary admixtures in cementitious materials such as pozzolanic component, fine aggregate or filling material. By critically reviewing current utilizations of sewage sludge, it is feasible to replace up to 15 % natural raw materials with sewage sludge in cement production and the manufactured eco-cement clinkers show comparable performance to traditional Portland cement. Whilst as raw feed in the fabrication of bricks, ceramic materials and lightweight aggregates, 20 % of sewage sludge substitution is acceptable to produce good quality products (within 8 % firing shrinkage and 15 % water absorption). Though high content of organic matter in raw sludge causes a decrease in mechanical strength and delay in hydration process, controlled low-strength materials offer an innovative reuse with large amount of sludge. The immobilization of heavy metals in products prevents sewage sludge causing secondary environmental pollution. Furthermore, suggestions for future research are proposed in order to strengthen the high value-added applications of sewage sludge.

Valorization of sewage sludge in the fabrication of construction and building materials: A review

Water treatment sludge (WTS) management is a growing global problem for water treatment plants (WTPs) and governments. Considering the scarcity of raw materials in many parts of the planet and unique properties of WTS, extensive research has been conducted on the application of WTS in the production of construction materials such as roof tiles, bricks, lightweight aggregates, cement, concrete and geopolymers. This paper critically reviews the progress in the application of WTS in construction materials, by synthesizing results from recent studies. Research findings have revealed that incorporation of ≤10% alum-based sludge in ceramic bricks is satisfactory with a small reduction of mechanical performance. Using the iron-based sludge, the bricks presented better mechanical strength than the reference clay-bricks. Concerning WTS application in concrete, 5% replacement of cement or sand by WTS was considered as the ideal value for the application in a variety of structural and non-structural concrete without adverse effect on concrete mechanical performance. Furthermore, this paper discusses sludge-amended concrete in terms of durability, potential leaching of toxic elements and cost, and suggests topics for future research on the sustainable management of WTS.

/pdf/progress-in-manufacture-and-properties-of-construction-348447dkkp.pdf

Progress in manufacture and properties of construction materials incorporating water treatment sludge: A review

Biosolids: What are the different types of reuse?

Application of water treatment sludge in the manufacturing of lightweight aggregate

Lightweight aggregates from waste materials: Reappraisal of expansion behavior and prediction schemes for bloating

A research on sintering characteristics and mechanisms of dried sewage sludge

Flocculation inspired combination of layered double hydroxides and fulvic acid to form a novel composite adsorbent for the simultaneous adsorption of anionic dye and heavy metals.

A method for preparing ceramsite light aggregate by utilizing sludge belongs to solid waste treatment, proposal and resource technical field, which produces dry sludge through thermal drying dehydrated mud cake whose moisture percentage is 75-85%, wherein the dry sludge is broken and sieved through 45 mm screen, 18-25% fly ash by mass of the dry sludge is charged to stir, the stirred hybrid material is injected in the powder tablet compressing machine to squeeze and mould under the pressure of 8 Mpa to obtain ceramsite light aggregate blank, the blank is heated to 350 DEG C and is stayed for 20 min in order to lead to volatilize and exhaust completely and is calcined under the temperature of 1080-1100 DEG C for 30 min and is cooled to indoor temperature naturally, and then the ceramsite light aggregate is obtained. The invention for processing living sewage and sludge improves strength of the calcined product, and saves the calcined energy consumption greatly. The obtained ceramsite light aggregate is compact in uranium face, light in weight, high in strength, and satisfies national standard GB/T17431.2-1998, which can be used in the projects such as buildings, roads, bridges and the like.

Method for producing porcelain granule light weight aggregate with sewage sludge

The alkali digestion pretreatment method in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 3060A could underestimate the content of Cr(VI) in Cr-contaminated soils, especially for soils mixed with chromite ore processing residue (COPR), which leads to a misjudgment of the Cr(VI) level in soils after remediation, causing secondary pollution to the environment. In this study, a new pretreatment method to analyze Cr(VI) concentration in contaminated soils was established. The impacts of soil quality, particle size, alkali digestion time and the rounds of alkali digestion on Cr(VI) detection in contaminated soils was explored and the alkali digestion method was optimized. Compared with USEPA Method 3060A, the alkaline digestion time was prolonged to 6 h and multiple alkali digestion was employed until the amount of Cr(VI) in the last extraction was less than 10% of the total amount of Cr(VI). Because Cr(VI) in COPR is usually embedded in the mineral phase structure, the hydration products were dissolved and Cr(VI) was released gradually during the alkaline digestion process. The amount of Cr(VI) detected showed high correlation coefficients with the percentage of F1 (mild acid-soluble fraction), F2 (reducible fraction) and F4 (residual fraction). The Cr(VI) contents detected by the new alkaline digestion method and USEPA Method 3060A showed significant differences for soil samples mixed with COPR due to their high percentage of residual fraction. This new pretreatment method could quantify more than 90% of Cr(VI) in Cr-contaminated soils, especially those mixed with COPR, which proved to be a promising method for Cr(VI) analysis in soils, before and after remediation.

/pdf/factors-affecting-the-detection-of-hexavalent-chromium-in-cr-135ytghw.pdf

Factors Affecting the Detection of Hexavalent Chromium in Cr-Contaminated Soil

Technical parameter, condensed steam water quality and flue gases were studied and organic compound hydrolysis mechanism was discussed. During experimental study, observed that the relationship between water content of sewage sludge and residence time have a negative exponential function. The condensed steam water has a high-concentration organic content. Total organic carbon (TOC), volatile fatty acid (VFA) and NH3 -N of the water were very high and the pH value was between 9 and 9.5. VFA and NH3 -N come from two sections: (1) In the 110 - 130 degrees C temperature range, hydrolysis of protein occurred with the formation of VFA and NH3 -N; and (2) In the 140 - 150 degrees C, fats hydrolyzed into VFA. There was no gaseous pollution produced in the whole experimental progress.

Experimental Research on Indirect Thermal Drying Process of Sewage Sludge

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