Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses serious risks to soil ecosystems and human health. Herein, the effect of two drunken horse grasses (Achnatherum inebrians) including endophytes Epichloë gansuensis infected (E+ ) and uninfected (E-) on the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils were analyzed by coupling high-throughput sequencing and soil metabolomics. The results showed that the high-risk soil Cd decreased and the medium- and low-risk Cd fraction increased to varying degrees after planting E+ and E- plants in the soil. Meanwhile, total Cd content decreased by 19.7 % and 35.1 % in E+ and E- A. inebrians-planted soils, respectively. Principal coordinate analysis revealed a significant impact of E+ and E- plants on the soil microbial community. Most stress-tolerant and gram-positive functional bacterial taxa were enriched to stabilize Cd(II) in E+ planted soil. Several beneficial fungal groups related to saprotroph and symbiotroph were enriched to absorb Cd(II) in E- soil. Soil metabolomic analysis showed that the introduction of A. inebrians could weaken the threat of CdCl2 to soil microbe metabolism and improve soil quality, which in turn promoted plant growth and improved phytoremediation efficiency in Cd-contaminated soil. In conclusion, A. inebrians plants alleviate soil Cd pollution by regulating soil microbial metabolism and microbial community structure. These results provide valuable information for an in-depth understanding of the phytoremediation mechanisms of A. inebrians. 

Soil microbial community compositions and metabolite profiles of Achnatherum inebrians affect phytoremediation potential in Cd contaminated soil.

Phosphorus addition modifies the bacterial community structure in rhizosphere of Achnatherum inebrians by influencing the soil properties and modulates the Epichloë gansuensis-mediated root exudate profiles

Plants and soil microorganisms interact at every stage of growth. Pseudomonas spp. are highly regarded for their ability to increase crop production and protection from diseases. The aim of this study is to understand the mechanisms of the rhizobacterial colonization of tomato roots via chemotaxis assay and the activation of tomato resistance against the pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). The capillary assay was used to evaluate the chemotaxis response of PGPRs (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria). The activities of defense enzymes and the expressions of PR (pathogenesis-related) genes were measured using real-time qPCR. Chemotactic responses to malic and citric acids (the most important root exudates found in different plant species) at low concentrations varied substantially among the rhizobacterial isolates (63 species). Beneficial isolates including Pseudomonas resinovorans A5, P. vranovensis A30, P. resinovorans A28, P. umsongensis O26, P. stutzeri N42, and P. putida T15 reacted well to different concentrations of root exudates. P. putida T15 demonstrated the most potent anti-Pst activity. At three and six days after inoculation, the greatest levels of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity were reported in the A5 and T15 groups. In tomato, transcript levels of four PR (pathogenesis-related) genes were elevated by rhizobacterial treatments. PGPR isolates alone or in combination with BABA (β-amino butyric acid) up-regulated the transcriptions of PR1, PR2, LOX, and PAL genes. Treatments with N42 and T15 resulted in the greatest improvements in tomato growth and yield traits. In conclusion, the results explain the mechanisms of rhizobacterial colonization for the improved management of Pst. Rhizobacterial isolates play a role in tomato’s resistance to Pst via salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways.

/pdf/rhizobacterial-colonization-and-management-of-bacterial-2918qart.pdf

Rhizobacterial Colonization and Management of Bacterial Speck Pathogen in Tomato by Pseudomonas spp.

The detrimental impact of soil salinization on crop productivity and agricultural economy has garnered significant attention. A rhizosphere bacterium with favorable salt tolerance and plant growth-promoting (PGP) functions was isolated in this work. The bacterium was identified as Enterobacter through 16 S rDNA sequencing analysis and designated as Enterobacter sp. JIV1. Interestingly, the presence of putrescine (Put), which had been shown to contribute in reducing abiotic stress damage to plants, significantly promoted strain JIV1 to generate 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) deaminase, dissolve phosphorus and secrete indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). However, the synergy of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Put in improving plant salt resistance has not been extensively studied. In this study, strain JIV1 and exogenous Put effectively mitigated the inhibitory impact of salt stress simulated by 200 mM NaCl on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth. The chlorophyll accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant capacity of rice were also significantly strengthened. Notably, the combined application of strain JIV1 and Put outperformed individual treatments. Moreover, the co-addition of strain JIV1 and Put increased soil protease and urease activities by 451.97% and 51.70% compared to that of salt treatment group. In general, Put-assisted PGPR JIV1 provides a new perspective on alleviating the salt-induced negative impacts on plants. 

The alleviation of salt stress on rice through increasing photosynthetic capacity, maintaining redox homeostasis and regulating soil enzyme activities by Enterobacter sp. JIV1 assisted with putrescine.

Climate change is arguably the single most important global challenge of the 21st century. It is appropriate that in this, our first installment of our new editorial series Making Waves, we explore some of the ways that microwave technologies have been involved in this critical research field. Skipping over the obvious but essential roles of microwave communications and tracking in space-based resource management, we instead focus on techniques and data that these systems provide. We also look at some of the more unusual applications and ideas that are being enabled by both current and future microwave component advances and the impacts that they might have on local, and perhaps someday on more global scales. The intent of the article is to provide the reader with links between, and references to microwave technologies and climate science. The authors want to encourage more researchers to seek out and collaborate on ideas and proposals that directly or indirectly bridge these often disparate areas of development. They also look forward to responses from the engineering and science communities via this editorial series as a means of bringing together engineers and scientists interested in sharing new ideas and forging collaborations that might otherwise not form without such a stimulus. Future articles in this series will emphasize other potentially high impact fields with particular cross-over applications to microwave theory and technology.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9171629/9206027/10167661.pdf

Making Waves: Microwaves in Climate Change

Ground-based microwave radiometers (MWRs) are used to provide temperature and relative humidity (RH) profiles mainly at boundary layer with temporal resolution of 1–2 min. However, accuracy of MWR away from radiosondes locations is not satisfactory. In this study, we proposed temperature and RH retrieval models based on fifth-generation reanalysis (ERA5) data that allow the replacement of the original model based on adjacent radiosondes. This study focuses on how to resolve the unrepresentativeness of ERA5 data. A quality control (QC) scheme was proposed after analyzing the characteristics of ERA5 data, which was confirmed to have positive effects for retrieval results. Three retrieval models for MWR at Nanjiao site based on ERA5 data (ERA5-retrieval), co-located radiosondes (RS-retrieval 1), and adjacent radiosondes (RS-retrieval 2) were developed. An extensive validation that was carried out showed ERA5-retrieval improved the accuracy of temperature and RH profiles compared with the original method RS-retrieval 2 and LV2 product from MWR. Furthermore, the proposed retrieval method was applied to six MWR sites without radiosondes co-located in Beijing and illustrated the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. In overall, the retrieval approach proposed based on ERA5 data and data QC can improve both temperature and RH accuracy for MWR sites away from radiosondes.

A Method for Retrieving Thermodynamic Atmospheric Profiles Using Microwave Radiometers of Meteorological Observation Networks

Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is a serious environmental problem imperiling food safety and human health. The endophyte Epichloë gansuensis can improve the tolerance of Achnatherum inebrians to Cd stress. However, it is still unknown whether and how the endophyte helps host plants build up a specific bacterial community when challenged by CdCl2. In this study, the responses of the structure and function of bacterial community and root exudates of E+ (E. gansuensis infected) and E− (E. gansuensis uninfected) plants to Cd stress were investigated. Analysis of bacterial community structure indicated that the rhizosphere bacterial community predominated over the root endosphere bacterial community in enhancing the resistance of CdCl2 in a host mediated by E. gansuensis. E+ plant strengthened the interspecific cooperation of rhizosphere bacterial species. Moreover, the analysis of root exudates demonstrated E. gansuensis and increased the contents of organic acids and amino acids under Cd stress, and most root exudates were significantly correlated with rhizosphere bacteria. These results suggested that E. gansuensis employed a specific strategy to recruit distinct rhizosphere bacterial species and relevant functions by affecting root exudates to improve the tolerance of the host to Cd stress. This study provides a firm foundation for the potential application of symbionts in improving phytostabilization efficiency.

/pdf/increase-in-cd-tolerance-through-seed-borne-endophytic-2k1eloqf.pdf

Increase in Cd Tolerance through Seed-Borne Endophytic Fungus Epichloë gansuensis Affected Root Exudates and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community of Achnatherum inebrians

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A Method for Retrieving Thermodynamic Atmospheric Profiles Using Microwave Radiometers of Meteorological Observation Networks

Increase in Cd Tolerance through Seed-Borne Endophytic Fungus Epichloë gansuensis Affected Root Exudates and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community of Achnatherum inebrians