Designing with nature: Advancing three-dimensional green spaces in architecture through frameworks for biophilic design and sustainability

Changing the spatial luminance distribution patterns has the potential to improve the restorative potential of indoor environments through spatial visual perception intervention, which is helpful to meet our growing need for psychological restoration and well-being. However, the efficiency, progress, and principles for improving the spatial luminance distribution of indoor environments have not been verified, and the reusable and restorative spatial luminance distribution patterns that can be applied to the restorative reserve levels created by the architectural configurations and dispositions of the different spaces have yet to be established. Using a living room environment as the typical space and a hotel room as the research subject, we conducted this study by setting up a control group for the assessment experiment, combining three subjective and objective measures: the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), the eye-movement test, and the case interview. The results showed the following. (1) The spatial luminance distribution of artificial lighting can improve the PRS score by 30.9%. (2) The spatial luminance distribution of artificial lighting improves the restorative perception potential, which negatively correlates with the restorative reserve level of the environment (the correlation coefficient values were −0.405, p < 0.01). (3) The spatial luminance distribution elicited two visual cognitive responses: visual attraction and visual load, with the former being positively correlated with restorative perception (the correlation coefficient values were 0.288, p < 0.01), while the latter was negatively correlated (the correlation coefficient values were −0.264, p < 0.01). (4) The visual cognitive conclusions of spatial luminance distribution including the six dimensions present the visual characteristics of the status quo in the restorative spatial luminance distribution of artificial lighting. Based on the findings, this study starts from the optimization of visual attraction and visual load by improving both the restorative level and the degree of restorative perception, proposing a restorative spatial luminance distribution pattern of artificial lighting applicable to environments with different restorative reserve levels.

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Improving the Restorative Potential of Living Environments by Optimizing the Spatial Luminance Distribution

Currently, university students are facing high levels of stress and negativity. Creating a campus learning environment that promotes students’ physical and mental health and well-being has become a key focus of current research. There is now a wealth of research proving that the natural attributes of learning spaces are highly restorative for university students, both physically and mentally. In order to comprehensively clarify the characteristics of the library spatial environment that has a restorative effect on university students, this paper conducted semi-structured interviews with 50 university students and thematically analyzed the data obtained from these interviews. Ultimately, we identified five key themes: (1) Being away: students believe that studying alone is a way to escape social pressures, immersing themselves in their studies helps them forget everything around them, and the view from the window creates a sense of detachment; (2) Extent: students perceive the design of the library space as rich and orderly; (3) Fascination: many elements of the library spatial environment appeal to them and make them feel energized. The overall atmosphere motivates them to engage more actively in their learning; (4) Compatibility: the library spatial environment provides a variety of facilities that meet their learning needs, along with various types of spaces catering for different behaviors; and (5) Biophilia: Many interviewees mentioned the benefits of natural environments and timber, as well as their preference for spaces with a sufficient sense of enclosure and the ability to observe others. The first four themes were found to be closely related to the Attention Restorative Theory during the course of the study, while the last theme was mentioned by most of the students. The results of this study prove that library spaces can be described as restorative environments in the same way as natural environments, with both physical and mental restorative effects. Furthermore, the results of this study can also provide certain ideas for the design and renovation of the internal spatial environment of university libraries. 

A Qualitative Study on University Students’ Restorative Experience of the Library Space Environment

Built environment professionals’ perceptions of vertical greenery systems: a case of Delhi, India

Abstract Recent studies have focused on different aspects of green management, practices, and green consumption in the hotel industry. However, there is a need to explore and better understand the association between indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and green hotel guest’s comfort. Therefore, it is essential to explore the effects of IEQ on the comfort and satisfaction of green hotel guests. This study conducts a comprehensive review of the effects of various IEQ parameters, including indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, visual/view, acoustic comfort, building characteristics, decoration, and indoor greenery, on guest’s comfort and satisfaction in green hotels. Based on previous literature, it was also revealed that most current green building schemes lack of comprehensive evaluation of the performance of IEQ dimensions in green hotels. It was also observed that these IEQ parameters show a significant influence on the hotel guest’s comfort and satisfaction. Based on the findings of the literature review, a conceptual model was developed to represent the relationship between the IEQ parameters and guest’s comfort and satisfaction. The proposed conceptual model can be implemented by the hotel management for a comprehensive assessment of guests’ perceptions toward the IEQ in green hotels. The novelty of this study is based on its findings that establish a more effective IEQ evaluation method and serve as the reference scenario of IEQ, which can be a useful tool for both academician and practitioners and contribute to improving the indoor environmental performance of green hotels through highlighting the key IEQ parameters, which affect the comfort and satisfaction of hotel guests. 

Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review

This study investigates the psychological restorative benefits of indoor vertical greenery and its relationship with visual satisfaction. Taking the Solar Decathlon China 2018 champion project “LONG-PLAN” as the experimental field, we conducted a questionnaire survey to evaluate the effect of indoor vertical greenery on creating a restorative environment. Then we further studied the relationship between the restorative environmental factors and visual satisfaction of indoor vertical greenery. The results show that: (1) Indoor vertical greenery has a positive impact on the subjective restoration of respondents (the average value of PRS = 4.150). (2) The three factors of “being away,” “fascination and compatibility,” and the “extent” of environmental restoration have a significant positive correlation with the visual satisfaction of indoor vertical greenery (the correlation coefficient values are 0.403, 0.627, and 0.425, respectively, p < 0.01). (3) In the stepwise regression analysis of the three factors and the visual satisfaction of indoor vertical greenery, only “fascination and compatibility” show a significant positive correlation (the regression coefficient = 0.753, p < 0.01). (4) The visual satisfaction of indoor vertical greenery has a significantly positive impact on environmental recovery (the regression coefficient = 0.459, p < 0.01). The study shows that indoor vertical greenery improves visual satisfaction and contributes to a restorative environment. In addition, the study provides further evidence of the mutual facilitation between restorative benefits and visual satisfaction.

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Study on the Relationship between Restoration Benefit and Visual Satisfaction of LONG-PLAN’s Indoor Vertical Greenery

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Study on the Relationship between Restoration Benefit and Visual Satisfaction of LONG-PLAN’s Indoor Vertical Greenery