Electrochemical water splitting represents one of the most promising technologies to produce green hydrogen, which can help to realize the goal of achieving carbon neutrality. While substantial efforts on a laboratory scale have been made for understanding fundamental catalysis and developing high-performance electrocatalysts for the two half-reactions involved in water electrocatalysis, much less attention has been paid to doing relevant research on a larger scale. For example, few such researches have been done on an industrial scale. Herein, we review the very recent endeavors to bridge the gaps between fundamental research and industrial applications for water electrolysis. We begin by introducing the fundamentals of electrochemical water splitting and then present comparisons of testing protocol, figure of merit, catalyst of interest, and manufacturing cost for laboratory and industry-based water-electrolysis research. Special attention is paid to tracking the surface reconstruction process and identifying real catalytic species under different testing conditions, which highlight the significant distinctions of corresponding electrochemical reconstruction mechanisms. Advances in catalyst designs for industry-relevant water electrolysis are also summarized, which reveal the progress of moving the practical applications forward and accelerating synergies between material science and engineering. Perspectives and challenges of electrocatalyst design strategies are proposed finally to further bridge the gaps between lab-scale research and large-scale electrocatalysis applications. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eem2.12441

Electrochemical Water Splitting: Bridging the Gaps between Fundamental Research and Industrial Applications

Electrochemical splitting of water is an appealing solution for energy storage and conversion to overcome the reliance on depleting fossil fuel reserves and prevent severe deterioration of the global climate. Though there are several fuel cells, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cells have zero carbon emissions, and water is the only by-product. Countless researchers worldwide are working on the fundamentals, i.e. the parameters affecting the electrocatalysis of water splitting and electrocatalysts that could improve the performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and overall simplify the water electrolysis process. Noble metals like platinum for HER and ruthenium and iridium for OER were used earlier; however, being expensive, there are more feasible options than employing these metals for all commercialization. The review discusses the recent developments in metal and metalloid HER and OER electrocatalysts from the s, p and d block elements. The evaluation perspectives for electrocatalysts of electrochemical water splitting are also highlighted.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-on-the-electrochemical-parameters-and-qh8rc6yd.pdf

A comprehensive review on the electrochemical parameters and recent material development of electrochemical water splitting electrocatalysts

Hydrogen is a fuel with a potentially zero-carbon footprint viewed as a viable alternative to fossil fuels. It can be produced in a large scale via electrochemical water splitting using electricity derived from renewable sources, but this would require highly active, inexpensive, and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts to replace the Pt benchmark. Transition-metal phosphides (TMPs) are potential Pt replacements owing to their generally high activity as well as versatility as HER catalysts for different pH media. This review summarizes the recent progress in the development of TMP HER electrocatalysts, focusing on the strategies that have been recently explored to tune the activity in acidic, neutral, and basic media. These strategies are the doping of TMPs with metal and nonmetal elements, fabrication of multimetallic phosphide phases, and construction of multicomponent heterostructures comprising TMPs and another component such as a different TMP or a metal oxide/hydroxide. The synthetic methods utilized to design the catalysts are also presented. Finally, the challenges still remaining and future research directions are discussed.

Recent Advances in Multimetal and Doped Transition-Metal Phosphides for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at Different pH values.

Nucleation and growth are critical steps in crystallization, which plays an important role in determining crystal structure, size, morphology, and purity. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of nucleation and growth is crucial to realize the controllable fabrication of crystalline products with desired and reproducible properties. Based on classical models, the initial crystal nucleus is formed by the spontaneous aggregation of ions, atoms, or molecules, and crystal growth is dependent on the monomer's diffusion and the surface reaction. Recently, numerous in situ investigations on crystallization dynamics have uncovered the existence of nonclassical mechanisms. This review provides a summary and highlights the in situ studies of crystal nucleation and growth, with a particular emphasis on the state-of-the-art research progress since the year 2016, and includes technological advances, atomic-scale observations, substrate- and temperature-dependent nucleation and growth, and the progress achieved in the various materials: metals, alloys, metallic compounds, colloids, and proteins. Finally, the forthcoming opportunities and challenges in this fascinating field are discussed.

In Situ Kinetic Observations on Crystal Nucleation and Growth.

Iron, rhodium-codoped Ni2P nanosheets arrays supported on nickel foam as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting.

Nutriments have been deemed to impact all physiopathologic processes. Recent evidences in molecular medicine and clinical trials have demonstrated that adequate nutrition treatments are the golden criterion for extending healthspan and delaying ageing in various species such as yeast, drosophila, rodent, primate and human. It emerges to develop the precision-nutrition therapeutics to slow age-related biological processes and treat diverse diseases. However, the nutritive advantages frequently diversify among individuals as well as organs and tissues, which brings challenges in this field. In this review, we summarize the different forms of dietary interventions extensively prescribed for healthspan improvement and disease treatment in pre-clinical or clinical. We discuss the nutrient-mediated mechanisms including metabolic regulators, nutritive metabolism pathways, epigenetic mechanisms and circadian clocks. Comparably, we describe diet-responsive effectors by which dietary interventions influence the endocrinic, immunological, microbial and neural states responsible for improving health and preventing multiple diseases in humans. Furthermore, we expatiate diverse patterns of dietotheroapies, including different fasting, calorie-restricted diet, ketogenic diet, high-fibre diet, plants-based diet, protein restriction diet or diet with specific reduction in amino acids or microelements, potentially affecting the health and morbid states. Altogether, we emphasize the profound nutritional therapy, and highlight the crosstalk among explored mechanisms and critical factors to develop individualized therapeutic approaches and predictors. 

/pdf/dietary-regulation-in-health-and-disease-35bmxnot.pdf

Dietary regulation in health and disease

Three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical coral-like Mn-doped Ni2P–Ni5P4/NF catalyst for efficient oxygen evolution

The exploration of efficient non-noble metal electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction has received considerable attention to replace commercial Pt catalyst. It is known that the cooperative coupling of appropriate non-noble metals exhibits excellent HER performance than a single component. Herein, an Mn-doped NiCoP flower-like electrocatalyst with self-assembled nanosheets on a nickel foam is synthesized via successive hydrothermal methods, followed by low temperature phosphidation. The as-synthesized Mn-NiCoP presents extraordinarily high catalytic activity and robust chemical stability towards the hydrogen evolution reaction in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Benefiting from the dual modulation of the morphology structure and chemical compositions, Mn-NiCoP/NF achieves a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at a low overpotential of 37 mV for HER in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. Moreover, it only requires overpotentials of 67 mV and 142 mV to deliver current densities of 10 mA cm-2 and 50 mA cm-2 in a 1 M KOH solution, respectively. Remarkably, it holds enhanced stability in 1 M KOH, maintaining HER activity for at least 120 h with negligible overpotential decay. The highly efficient and stable Mn-NiCoP electrocatalyst is valuable in applications relevant to energy storage.

An Mn-doped NiCoP flower-like structure as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic and alkaline solutions with long duration

Mn-doped NiCo2S4 nanosheet array as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction

Contrallable synthesis of peony-like porous Mn-CoP nanorod electrocatalyst for highly efficient hydrogen evolution in acid and alkaline.

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