Molecular Regulation of Plant Responses to Environmental Temperatures

The increased prevalence of high temperatures (HTs) around the world is a major global concern, as they dramatically affect agronomic productivity. Upon HT exposure, plants sense the temperature change and initiate cellular and metabolic responses that enable them to adapt to their new environmental conditions. Decoding the mechanisms by which plants cope with HT will facilitate the development of molecular markers to enable the production of plants with improved thermotolerance. In recent decades, genetic, physiological, molecular, and biochemical studies have revealed a number of vital cellular components and processes involved in thermoresponsive growth and the acquisition of thermotolerance in plants. This review summarizes the major mechanisms involved in plant HT responses, with a special focus on recent discoveries related to plant thermosensing, heat stress signaling, and HT-regulated gene expression networks that promote plant adaptation to elevated environmental temperatures.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jipb.12701

Molecular mechanisms governing plant responses to high temperatures

Cold-Induced CBF–PIF3 Interaction Enhances Freezing Tolerance by Stabilizing the phyB Thermosensor in Arabidopsis

Stomata, the microscopic pores surrounded by a pair of guard cells on the surfaces of leaves and stems, play an essential role in regulating the gas exchange between a plant and the surrounding atmosphere. Stomatal development and opening are significantly influenced by environmental conditions, both in the short and long term. The rapid rate of current climate change has been affecting stomatal responses, as a new balance between photosynthesis and water-use efficiency has to be found. Understanding the mechanisms involved in stomatal regulation and adjustment provides us with new insights into the ability of stomata to process information and evolve over time. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in research on the underlying mechanisms of the interaction between environmental factors and stomatal development and opening. Specific emphasis is placed on the environmental factors including light, CO2 concentration, ambient temperature, and relative humidity, as these factors play a significant role in understanding the impact of global climate change on plant development.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/12/1975/pdf

Influence of Environmental Factors Light, CO2, Temperature, and Relative Humidity on Stomatal Opening and Development: A Review

In response to elevated ambient temperature Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings display a thermomorphogenic response that includes elongation of hypocotyls and petioles. Phytochrome B and cryptochrome 1 are two photoreceptors also playing a role in thermomorphogenesis. Downstream of both environmental sensors PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) is essential to trigger this response at least in part through the production of the growth promoting hormone auxin. Using a genetic approach, we identified PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7) as a novel player for thermomorphogenesis and compared the phenotypes of pif7 and pif4 mutants. We investigated the role of PIF7 during temperature-regulated gene expression and the regulation of PIF7 transcript and protein by temperature. Furthermore, pif7 and pif4 loss-of-function mutants were similarly unresponsive to increased temperature. This included hypocotyl elongation and induction of genes encoding auxin biosynthetic or signalling proteins. PIF7 bound to the promoters of auxin biosynthesis and signalling genes. In response to temperature elevation PIF7 transcripts decreased while PIF7 protein levels increased rapidly. Our results reveal the importance of PIF7 for thermomorphogenesis and indicate that PIF7 and PIF4 likely depend on each other possibly by forming heterodimers. Elevated temperature rapidly enhances PIF7 protein accumulation, which may contribute to the thermomorphogenic response.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.16316

PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 7 is important for early responses to elevated temperature in Arabidopsis seedlings

Stomata, the epidermal pores for gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere, are the major sites of water loss. During water shortage, plants limit the formation of new stoma via the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) to conserve water. However, how ABA suppresses stomatal production is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that three core SnRK2 kinases of ABA signaling inhibit the initiation and proliferation of the stomatal precursors in Arabidopsis. We show that the SnRK2s function within the precursors and directly phosphorylate SPEECHLESS (SPCH), the master transcription factor for stomatal initiation. We identify specific SPCH residues targeted by the SnRK2s, which mediate the ABA/drought-induced suppression of SPCH and stomatal production. This SnRK2-specific SPCH phosphocode connects stomatal development with ABA/drought signals and enables the independent control of this key water conservation response. Our work also highlights how distinct signaling activities can be specifically encoded on a master regulator to modulate developmental plasticity.

https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.add2063?download=true

Abscisic acid regulates stomatal production by imprinting a SnRK2 kinase–mediated phosphocode on the master regulator SPEECHLESS

Plant pathogens significantly threaten food security and agricultural sustainability, with climate change expected to exacerbate outbreaks. Despite these growing threats, current agrochemical delivery remains untargeted and inefficient. In this study, we develop surface ligand-engineered nanoparticles for targeted delivery to stomata (SENDS), a nanocarrier system designed to target stomatal guard cells, which serve as key pathogen entry points into the plant apoplast. Our approach employs rational ligand engineering of porous nanoparticles, optimizing ligand orientation for efficient stomata targeting across different plant species. Foliar application of SENDS encapsulating an antimicrobial plant alkaloid reduces colonization of Xanthomonas campestris, a major crop pathogen, by 20-fold compared to untargeted nanocarriers. Quantitative assessment of stomatal aperture movement and photosynthetic performance confirms that SENDS enhance plant defense against invading pathogens without disrupting natural stomatal function. This nanobiotechnology approach provides a targeted strategy to improve plant disease resistance, offering new insights into nanocarrier design for more resilient and sustainable agriculture. Stomata are key entry points for plant pathogens. Here, the authors engineer stomata-targeted nanoparticles to reduce bacterial colonization while preserving stomatal function, enabling a more precise strategy to enhance crop defence.

Stomata-targeted nanocarriers enhance plant defense against pathogen colonization

Direct Control of SPEECHLESS by PIF4 in the High-Temperature Response of Stomatal Development

Developmental outcomes are shaped by the interplay between intrinsic and external factors. The production of stomata-essential pores for gas exchange in plants-is extremely plastic and offers an excellent system to study this interplay at the cell lineage level. For plants, light is a key external cue, and it promotes stomatal development and the accumulation of the master stomatal regulator SPEECHLESS (SPCH). However, how light signals are relayed to influence SPCH remains unknown. Here, we show that the light-regulated transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a critical regulator for photomorphogenic growth, is present in inner mesophyll cells and directly binds and activates STOMAGEN. STOMAGEN, the mesophyll-derived secreted peptide, in turn stabilizes SPCH in the epidermis, leading to enhanced stomatal production. Our work identifies a molecular link between light signaling and stomatal development that spans two tissue layers and highlights how an environmental signaling factor may coordinate growth across tissue types.

/pdf/light-regulates-stomatal-development-by-modulating-paracrine-3qy9tr8t2i.pdf

Light regulates stomatal development by modulating paracrine signaling from inner tissues.

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Abscisic acid regulates stomatal production by imprinting a SnRK2 kinase–mediated phosphocode on the master regulator SPEECHLESS

Stomata-targeted nanocarriers enhance plant defense against pathogen colonization

Direct Control of SPEECHLESS by PIF4 in the High-Temperature Response of Stomatal Development

Light regulates stomatal development by modulating paracrine signaling from inner tissues.