Carbon nitride (CN), a 2D material composed of only carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which are linked by strong covalent bonds, has been used as a metal-devoid and visible-light-active photocatalyst owing to its magnificent optoelectronic and physicochemical properties including suitable bandgap, adjustable energy-band positions, tailor-made surface functionalities, low cost, metal-free nature, and high thermal, chemical, and mechanical stabilities. CN-based materials possess a lot of advantages over conventional metal-based inorganic photocatalysts including ease of synthesis and processing, versatile functionalization or doping, flexibility for surface engineering, low cost, sustainability, and recyclability without any leaching of toxic metals from photocorrosion. Carbon nitrides and their hybrid materials have emerged as attractive candidates for CO2 capture and its reduction into clean and green low-carbon fuels and valuable chemical feedstock by using sustainable and intermittent renewable energy sources of sunlight and electricity through the heterogeneous photo(electro)catalysis. Here, the latest research results in this field are summarized, including implementation of novel functionalized nanostructured CNs and their hybrid heterostructures in meeting the stringent requirements to raise the efficiency of the CO2 reduction process by using state-of-the-art photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and feedstock reactions. The research in this field is primarily focused on advancement in the synthesis of nanostructured and functionalized CN-based hybrid heterostructured materials. More importantly, the recent past has seen a surge in studies focusing significantly on exploring the mechanism of their application perspectives, which include the behavior of the materials for the absorption of light, charge separation, and pathways for the transport of CO2 during the reduction process.

Nanostructured Carbon Nitrides for CO2 Capture and Conversion

CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) is an effective strategy to mitigate global warming. Absorption, adsorption and membranes are methods used for CO2 separation and capture, and various catalytic pathways have also been developed for CO2 utilization. Although widely researched and used in industry, these processes are energy-intensive and this challenge needs to be overcome. To realize further optimization, novel materials and processes are continuously being developed. New generation materials such as ionic liquids (ILs) have shown promising potential for cost-effective CO2 capture and utilization. This study reviews the current status of ILs-based solvents, adsorbents, membranes, catalysts and their hybrid processes for CO2 capture and utilization. The special properties of ILs are integrated into new materials through hybridization, which significantly improves the performance in the process of CCU.

Recent advances in ionic liquids-based hybrid processes for CO2 capture and utilization.

Global concerns about high CO2 levels and dwindling supplies of fossil resources are increasing. The utilization of CO2 and waste biomass as renewable resources for valuable products is highly desirable to make various supply chains ‘greener’. Synthesis of cyclic carbonate from epoxide and CO2 is a highly promising reaction due to its 100% atom economy. Organic cyclic carbonates have a broad range of applications, such as high boiling point green polar aprotic solvents, electrolytes in Li-ion batteries, the monomer for polycarbonates and polyurethanes synthesis, intermediates for the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and many other fine chemicals. Over the last 20 years significant progress has been made in this field of research. This review covers the recent developments in catalytic systems for the above-mentioned reaction that includes kinetics, mechanistic investigations and highlights the parameters affecting their activity and selectivity. Moreover, the recent efforts on the utilization of renewable resources as potential raw materials for the cyclic carbonate synthesis have also been discussed. Nonetheless, to satisfy the demands of a multi-scale approach for industrial transformation, the use of flow chemistry and novel reactor designs for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates has been also discussed.

Recent advances in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates via CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides

For many years, capturing, storing or sequestering CO2 from concentrated emission sources or from air has been a powerful technique for reducing atmospheric CO2. Moreover, the use of CO2 as a C1 building block to mitigate CO2 emissions and, at the same time, produce sustainable chemicals or fuels is a challenging and promising alternative to meet global demand for chemicals and energy. Hence, the chemical incorporation and conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals has received much attention in the last decade, since CO2 is an abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, nonflammable, and renewable one-carbon building block. Nevertheless, CO2 is the most oxidized form of carbon, thermodynamically the most stable form and kinetically inert. Consequently, the chemical conversion of CO2 requires highly reactive, rich-energy substrates, highly stable products to be formed or harder reaction conditions. The use of catalysts constitutes an important tool in the development of sustainable chemistry, since catalysts increase the rate of the reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy in the reaction. Therefore, special attention has been paid to catalysis, and in particular to heterogeneous catalysis because of its environmentally friendly and recyclable nature attributed to simple separation and recovery, as well as its applicability to continuous reactor operations. Focusing on heterogeneous catalysts, we decided to center on zeolite and ordered mesoporous materials due to their high thermal and chemical stability and versatility, which make them good candidates for the design and development of catalysts for CO2 conversion. In the present review, we analyze the state of the art in the last 25 years and the potential opportunities for using zeolite and OMS (ordered mesoporous silica) based materials to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals essential for our daily lives and fuels, and to pave the way towards reducing carbon footprint. In this review, we have compiled, to the best of our knowledge, the different reactions involving catalysts based on zeolites and OMS to convert CO2 into cyclic and dialkyl carbonates, acyclic carbamates, 2-oxazolidones, carboxylic acids, methanol, dimethylether, methane, higher alcohols (C2+OH), C2+ (gasoline, olefins and aromatics), syngas (RWGS, dry reforming of methane and alcohols), olefins (oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes) and simple fuels by photoreduction. The use of advanced zeolite and OMS-based materials, and the development of new processes and technologies should provide a new impulse to boost the conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels.

Advanced zeolite and ordered mesoporous silica-based catalysts for the conversion of CO2 to chemicals and fuels.

Imidazolium-based ionic porous hybrid polymers with POSS-derived silanols for efficient heterogeneous catalytic CO2 conversion under mild conditions

Chemical fixation of CO2 into useful organic compounds has been attracting much attention from the viewpoint of CO2 emission reduction and energy structure reformation. A useful and widely investig...

Hydrogen bond activation strategy for cyclic carbonates synthesis from epoxides and CO2: current state-of-the art of catalyst development and reaction analysis

Facile synthesis of DBU-based ionic liquids cooperated with ZnI2 as catalysts for efficient cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides under mild and solvent-free conditions

Polymeric ionic liquid with carboxyl anchored on mesoporous silica for efficient fixation of carbon dioxide.

The silicon-based materials with enriched superficial Si–OH groups are candidates in the field of the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxide to cyclic carbonate; meanwhile, the triazine ring with a nitrog...

Metal-Free Triazine-Incorporated Organosilica Framework Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxide under Solvent-Free Conditions

Synthesis of Zn Modified Carbon Nitrides Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxides

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