The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. S. 211-215

We demonstrate a nonequilibrium phase transition in a dilute thermal atomic gas. The phase transition, between states of low and high Rydberg occupancy, is induced by resonant dipole-dipole interactions between Rydberg atoms. The gas can be considered as dilute as the atoms are separated by distances much greater than the wavelength of the optical transitions used to excite them. In the frequency domain, we observe a mean-field shift of the Rydberg state which results in intrinsic optical bistability above a critical Rydberg number density. In the time domain, we observe critical slowing down where the recovery time to system perturbations diverges with critical exponent α=-0.53±0.10. The atomic emission spectrum of the phase with high Rydberg occupancy provides evidence for a superradiant cascade.

Nonequilibrium Phase Transition in a Dilute Rydberg Ensemble

The development of green, renewable energy conversion and storage systems is an urgent task to address the energy crisis and environmental issues in the future. To achieve high performance, stable, and safe operation of energy conversion and storage systems, energy materials need to be modified and fabricated through rationalization. Among various modification and fabrication strategies, ion beam technology has been widely used to introduce various defects/dopants into energy materials and fabricate various nanostructures, where the structure, composition, and property of prefabricated materials can be further accurately tailored to achieve better performance. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the application of ion beam technology in material modification and fabrication, focusing on nanostructured energy materials for energy conversion and storage including photo- (electro-) water splitting, batteries (solar cells, fuel cells, and metal-ion batteries), supercapacitors, thermoelectrics, and hydrogen storage. This review first provides a brief basic overview of ion beam technology and describes the classification and technological advantages of ion beam technology in the modification and fabrication of materials. Then, modification of energy materials by ion beams is reviewed mainly concerning doping and defect introduction. Fabrication of energy materials is also discussed mainly in terms of heterojunctions, nanoparticles, nanocavities, and other nanostructures. In particular, we emphasize the advantages of ion beam technology in improving the performance of energy materials. Finally, we point out our understanding of challenges and future perspectives in applying ion beam technology for the modification and fabrication of energy materials.

Recent Progress in the Application of Ion Beam Technology in the Modification and Fabrication of Nanostructured Energy Materials.

Abstract. An optical micro/nanofiber (MNF) is a quasi-one-dimensional free-standing optical waveguide with a diameter close to or less than the vacuum wavelength of light. Combining the tiny geometry with high-refractive-index contrast between the core and the surrounding, the MNF exhibits favorable optical properties such as tight optical confinement, strong evanescent field, and large-diameter-dependent waveguide dispersion. Meanwhile, as a quasi-one-dimensional structure with extraordinarily high geometric and structural uniformity, the MNF also has low optical loss and high mechanical strength, making it favorable for manipulating light on the micro/nanoscale with high flexibility. Over the past two decades, optical MNFs, typically being operated in single mode, have been emerging as a miniaturized fiber-optic platform for both scientific research and technological applications. In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the representative advances in optical MNFs in recent years. Starting from the basic structures and fabrication techniques of the optical MNFs, we highlight linear and nonlinear optical and mechanical properties of the MNFs. Then, we introduce typical applications of optical MNFs from near-field optics, passive optical components, optical sensors, and optomechanics to fiber lasers and atom optics. Finally, we give a brief summary of the current status of MNF optics and technology, and provide an outlook into future challenges and opportunities.

Optical microfiber or nanofiber: a miniature fiber-optic platform for nanophotonics

ZnO nanoflower was directly fabricated on ceramic and then Co3O4 was grown in-situ on ZnO nanoflower by a MOF-derived method. Co3O4 nanoparticles were successfully coated on the surface of ZnO nanoflower to develop a sensor for the detection of carbon monoxide. Notably, the Co3O4/ZnO sensor exhibits an outstanding response of 38 % to 100 ppm CO at 210 ℃ with a fast response/recovery time (38 s/50 s). In addition, the sensor showed excellent selectivity for CO, which is 14 times better than for the second gas (500 ppm CO and NH3). In the meantime, the sensor's response remained a stable value when the 100 ppm CO is mixed with 100 ppm H2, CH4 and HN3, respectively. The prominent CO sensing performance of the sensor is attributed to its unique structure charaterastics of nanoflower and the constructed heterostructure, which provides a large surface area and abundant active sites. Therefore, the sensor based on MOF-derived Co3O4 nanoparticles directly on ZnO nanoflower have promising application for constructing high performance CO sensor in the detection domain. 

MOF-derived Co3O4 nanoparticles over direct grown ZnO nanoflower on ceramic for CO sensor with high selectivity

We demonstrate a convenient and simple method to determine nanofiber diameters nondestructively using a hemispherical microfiber tip probe. For a fixed-tip geometry and working wavelength, the scattering losses of nanofiber transmission induced by the tip are a function of the nanofiber diameter, while being insensitive to the alignment. Therefore, the nanofiber diameter can be estimated based on the measured nanofiber transmittance and the loss-diameter relationship that are obtained by three-dimensional numerical simulations. The method is experimentally demonstrated with a diameter measurement precision of 9.8 nm (1.5% of the measured diameter), and the results agree with those obtained by other methods. Such a nondestructive near-field probe approach offers a reliable and convenient technique for determining nanofiber diameters, with applications ranging from optical sensing to quantum optics to quantum information processing.

Nondestructive measurement of nanofiber diameters using microfiber tip

Preparation of ZnO p-n homojunction nanorod via nitrogen ion injection coupled with Au induced SPR effect for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting

We experimentally studied the Rydberg level shift caused by the electric field, which is generated by Rydberg atom collision induced ionization in a cesium atomic ensemble. The density of charged particles caused by collisions between Rydberg atoms is changed by controlling the ground-state atomic density and optical excitation process. We measured the Rydberg level shift using Rydberg electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) spectroscopy, and interpreted the physical origin using a semi-classical model. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulation. These energy shifts are important for the self-calibrated sensing of microwave field by the employing of Rydberg EIT. Moreover, in contrast to the resonant excitation case, narrow-linewidth spectroscopy with high signal-to-noise ratio would be useful for high-precision measurements.

Rydberg level shift due to the electric field generated by Rydberg atom collision-induced ionization in cesium atomic ensemble

Optimization of a magneto–optic trap using nanofibers

The existence of an anisotropic tensor part of atomic states with an angular momentum greater than 1/2 causes their dynamic polarizabilities to be very sensitive to the polarization direction of the laser field. Therefore, the magic wavelength of the transition between two atomic states also depends on the polarization angle between the quantized axis and the polarization vector. We perform a calculation of the magic conditions of the 6S1/2↔nP3/2 (n = 50–90) Rydberg transition of cesium atoms by introducing an auxiliary electric diople transition connected to the target Rydberg state and a low-excited state. The magic condition is determined by the intersection of dynamic polarizabilities of the 6S1/2 ground state and the nP3/2 Rydberg state. The dynamic polarizability is calculated by using the sum-over-states method. Furthermore, we analyze the dependence of magic detuning on the polarization angle for a linearly polarized trapping laser and establish the relationship between magic detuning and a principal quantum number of the Rydberg state at the magic angle. The magic optical dipole trap can confine the ground-state and Rydberg-state atoms simultaneously, and the differential light shift in the 6S1/2↔nP3/2 transition can be canceled under the magic condition. It is of great significance for the application of long-lifetime high-repetition-rate accurate manipulation of Rydberg atoms on high-fidelity entanglement and quantum logic gate operation.

/pdf/angle-dependent-magic-optical-trap-for-the-6s1-2-np3-2-2vv1jfgm.pdf

Angle-Dependent Magic Optical Trap for the 6S1/2↔nP3/2 Rydberg Transition of Cesium Atoms

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Xin Wang

Author Tools

Chat about Author