This is the 30th annual review of the application of atomic spectrometry to the chemical analysis of environmental samples. This Update refers to papers published approximately between August 2013 and July 2014 and continues the series of Atomic Spectrometry Updates (ASUs) in environmental analysis that should be read in conjunction with other related ASUs in the series, namely: clinical and biological materials, foods and beverages, advances in atomic spectrometry and related techniques, elemental speciation,X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and the analysis of metals, chemicals and functional materials. In the field of air analysis, highlights within this review period included: the use of 3D printing technology for the rapid prototyping of new air sampler components; single particle ICP-MS studies; use of a new triple-quadrupole ICP-MS for the analysis of radioactive species and the use of FEG-SEM and IBA for the analysis of gun-shot residues. In the field of water analysis, methods continue to be developed: for the extraction and preconcentration of elements; speciation of As, Cr, Hg and Sb forms and determination of elemental constituents in colloidal and NP fractions. Instrumental developments reported include the use of MC-ICP-MS for isotopic tracer studies and a review of XRF techniques and associated preconcentration procedures for trace element analysis. Many articles featuring the analysis of plants and soils appeared but, as usual, most focused on environmental applications rather than the advancement of atomic spectrometry. There have, however, been interesting developments, such as the almost bewildering increase in types of micro-extraction for analyte preconcentration and the resurgence of CS-AAS. Clearly LIBS is maturing rapidly, with soil analysis becoming more routine in nature. Also notable was the way the accident at the Fukishima-Daiichi nuclear power plant triggered development of analytical methods for the assessment of contamination in the surrounding area. Recent research indicates that geological applications still drives many of the instrumental and methodological advances in LA-ICP-MS. Fundamental studies continue to shed light on the processes involved and hence ways of improving the analysis of laser-produced aerosols. The preparation of NP powders for the production of matrix-matched RMs for microanalytical techniques such as LA-ICP-MS and SIMS showed great promise for addressing one of the major issues when analysing geological materials by these techniques. Steady advances in MC-ICP-MS methodology is feeding through to applications in isotope geochemistry, while new SIMS instrumentation is being directed towards probing fine growth structures in biogenic carbonates and inferring past climate conditions from their geochemistry. Feedback on this review is most welcome and the review coordinator can be contacted using the email address provided.

/pdf/atomic-spectrometry-update-a-review-of-advances-in-2r8uzbiose.pdf

Atomic spectrometry update – a review of advances in environmental analysis

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a remarkable elemental detection and quantification technique used in various fields, including science, medicine, engineering, and industries. This review focuses on the recent progress and challenges in applying LIBS for geotechnical engineering applications. The paper also discusses the widely employed calibration-free LIBS methods such as chemometrics, artificial neural networks (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM) for quantifying constituent elements. The various applications of LIBS in geosciences, such as in mineralogy, soil studies, rocks investigations, and fluid analysis, have also been presented. Despite the robustness of LIBS in soil studies, it is hitherto challenging to investigate some soil physical parameters. In general, chemical applications such as contamination detection and nutrients are based on detecting certain elements or ions. On the other hand, physical and mechanical applications such as soil texture and soil humification degree may require the usage of a correlation between the chemical elements and the desired parameters. This work, therefore, summarizes how LIBS works with different materials and its current uses in determining the physical or mechanical properties of soils and presents the possibilities of this technology in the field of Geotechnical Engineering. 

Applications of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy in geotechnical engineering: a critical review of recent developments, perspectives and challenges

[...] This paper explores how spectrum policy and spectrum technologies can evolve to enable sharing among different stakeholders in the above 100 GHz spectrum, without introducing harmful interference or disrupting either security applications or fundamental science exploration. This portion of the spectrum presents new opportunities to design spectrum sharing schemes, based on novel antenna designs, directional ultra-high-rate communications, and active/passive user coordination. The paper provides a tutorial on current regulations above 100 GHz, and highlights how sharing is central to allowing each stakeholder to make the most out of this spectrum. It then defines - through detailed simulations based on standard International Telecommunications Union (ITU) channel and antenna models - scenarios in which active users may introduce harmful interference to passive sensing. Based on this evaluation, it reviews a number of promising techniques that can enable active/passive sharing above 100 GHz. The critical review and tutorial on policy and technologies of this paper have the potential to kickstart future research and regulations that promote safe coexistence between active and passive users above 100 GHz, further benefiting the development of digital technologies and scientific exploration. 

Coexistence and Spectrum Sharing Above 100 GHz

This review covers advances in the analysis of air, water, plants, soils and geological materials by a range of atomic spectrometric techniques including atomic emission, absorption, fluorescence and mass spectrometry. 

/pdf/atomic-spectrometry-update-a-review-of-advances-in-gds7itzr.pdf

Metalenses (MLs), representing a groundbreaking paradigm shift within the realm of optics, have ushered in a transformative era in the ability to manipulate and harness the power of light. Diverging from the conventional approach reliant on curved surfaces to bend light, MLs harness intricate arrays of minuscule nanostructures to exert precise control over the phase and amplitude of incident light waves. This revolutionary technology bestows a plethora of advantages, including the creation of ultra‐compact optical systems, the enhancement of focusing capabilities to unprecedented levels, and the capability to rectify optical aberrations in a significantly thinner and more lightweight form factor. MLs have discovered a multitude of applications spanning diverse fields, from imaging and photography to augmenting reality and refining medical devices. They stand as a beacon of hope for reshaping the landscape of optical systems, courtesy of their remarkable adaptability and exceptional performance. As the evolution of MLs forges ahead, they hold immense potential to transcend the boundaries of what can be accomplished in the domain of light‐based technologies. This review presents the recent advances in reconfigurable MLs and their applicability to imaging systems.

A Review on Reconfigurable Metalenses Revolutionizing Flat Optics

A tomographic microscopy system can achieve instantaneous three-dimensional imaging, and this type of microscopy system has been widely used in the study of biological samples; however, existing chromatographic microscopes based on off-axis Fresnel zone plates have degraded image quality due to geometric aberrations such as spherical aberration, coma aberration, and image scattering. This issue hinders the further development of chromatographic microscopy systems. In this paper, we propose a method for the design of an off-axis Fresnel zone plate with the elimination of aberrations based on double exposure point holographic surface interference. The aberration coefficient model of the optical path function was used to solve the optimal recording parameters, and the principle of the aberration elimination tomography microscopic optical path was verified. The simulation and experimental verification were carried out utilizing a Seidel coefficient, average gradient, and signal-to-noise ratio. First, the aberration coefficient model of the optical path function was used to solve the optimal recording parameters. Then, the laminar mi-coroscopy optical system was constructed for the verification of the principle. Finally, the simulation calculation results and the experimental results were verified by comparing the Seidel coefficient, average gradient, and signal-to-noise ratio of the microscopic optical system before and after the aberration elimination. The results show that for the diffractive light at the orders 0 and ±1, the spherical aberration W040 decreases by 62–70%, the coma aberration W131 decreases by 96–98%, the image dispersion W222 decreases by 71–82%, and the field curvature W220 decreases by 96–96%, the average gradient increases by 2.8%, and the signal-to-noise ratio increases by 18%.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1113/pdf?version=1643707445

Study of the Off-Axis Fresnel Zone Plate of a Microscopic Tomographic Aberration

Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor long time series land cover changes is of great significance to understanding the impact of human activities on spatiotemporal conflicts and changes in cropland and forest ecosystems in the black soil region of Northeast China. Spatial analysis and dynamic degree were used to analyze the evolutionary process and spatiotemporal association of land cover from 1990 to 2020; the transfer matrix was used to analyze and reveal dynamic conversions of land cover from 1990 to 2000, 2000 to 2010, and 2010 to 2020; and the GM (1,1) model was used to forecast the changes in land cover by 2025 based on historical data. The results indicated that the dominance of forest and cropland did not change from 1990 to 2020, and the average area of forest and cropland was 512,713 km2 and 486,322 km2, respectively. The mutual conversion between cropland, forest, grassland, and bare areas was the most frequent. The area of cropland converted into forest and grassland was 14,167 km2 and 25,217 km2, respectively, and the area of forest and grassland converted into cropland was 27,682 km2 and 23,764 km2, respectively, from 1990 to 2000. A similar law of land cover change was also presented from 2000 to 2020. In addition, the predicted values of cropland, forest, grassland, shrubland, wetland, water bodies, impervious surfaces, and bare areas were 466,942 km2, 499,950 km2, 231,524 km2, 1329 km2, 11,775 km2, 18,453 km2, 30,549 km2, and 189,973 km2, respectively, by 2025. The maximum and minimum residuals between the predicted and actual values were 6241 km2 and −156 km2 from 1990 to 2020. The evaluation results of the GM (1,1) model showed that all of the evaluation indices were within an acceptable range, and that the posteriori error ratio and class ratio dispersion were both less than 0.25. Through comparison with other studies, this study is not only able to provide some experience for further analyzing the spatial and temporal changes in land cover and its future prediction but also provide a basis for comprehensive management in Northeast China.

/pdf/spatiotemporal-conflict-analysis-and-prediction-of-long-time-2i4gdo1h.pdf

Spatiotemporal Conflict Analysis and Prediction of Long Time Series Land Cover Changes in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Infrared signature of targets is one important approach for target detection and recognition. When measuring the infrared signature of a target in the atmosphere, it is necessary to take the atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation between the measured target and the observer into account. In this study, a blackbody-based approach for estimating atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation is proposed to improve accuracy. Radiometric calibration is first carried out in the laboratory for the infrared thermal imager to determine the slope and offset used in the linear regression. With a set of different temperatures, radiance of the blackbody and digital number value of images are calculated. Finally, according to the analytical expressions derived, the atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation are determined, and actual radiance for the cooperative target is calculated. Results demonstrate that the uncertainty of the actual radiance of measured cooperative target calculated via the proposed method is lower than that by MODTRAN, from MODTRAN at 5.7% and 16.7%, from proposed method at 2.56% and 10.2% in two experiments.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/8/4832/pdf?version=1681290055

A Method Based on Blackbody to Estimate Actual Radiation of Measured Cooperative Target Using an Infrared Thermal Imager

The secondary-phase grating-based tomographic microscopy system, which is widely used in the biological and life sciences, can observe all the sample multilayer image information simultaneously because it has multifocal points. However, chromatic aberration exists in the grating diffraction, which seriously affects the observation of the image. To correct the chromatic aberration of the tomographic microscope system, this paper proposes a system that adopts blazed gratings and angle-variable reflectors as chromatic aberration correction devices according to the principle of dispersion compensation and Fourier phase-shift theory. A reflector-separated light dispersion-compensated 3D microscopy system is presented to achieve chromatic aberration correction while solving the problem of multilayer image overlap. The theoretical verification and optical design of the system were completed using ZEMAX software. The results show that the proposed system reduced the chromatic aberration of ordinary tomographic microscopy systems by more than 90%, retaining more wavelengths of light information. In addition, the system had a relatively wide range in the color difference compensation element installation position, reducing the difficulty of dispersion compensation element installation. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed system is effective in reducing chromatic aberration in grating diffraction.

/pdf/design-and-study-of-a-reflector-separated-light-dispersion-vo951740.pdf

Design and Study of a Reflector-Separated Light Dispersion-Compensated 3D Microscopy System

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/10.0010119

A review of anomalous refractive and reflective metasurfaces

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