Structural evolution during corn stalk acidic and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment

Development and evaluation of a 3-cell stack of metal-based solid oxide fuel cells fabricated via a sinter-joining method for auxiliary power unit applications

At lower operation temperature of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC), polarization resistance was recognized as a limiting step because polarization at cathode is dependent on the rate of oxygen reduction reaction. The enhancement of cathode microstructure is one of the effective ways to improve the reaction rate. Pore former addition method is proven to be able to tailor the microstructure of cathode. The addition of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) as pore former was evaluated and compared with common pore formers (corn starch and graphite) for the microstructure cathode layer. Brush painting technique was used to deposit cathode layer on anode/electrolyte dual layer support hollow fiber. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis had proven that the resulting layer was free from impurities after the sintering treatment. Corn starch was able to induced cathode layer with coarse and large interconnected pores for efficient gas diffusion, as was proven by the SEM analysis. Additionally, SEM analysis also showed the formation of fine micropores throughout the layer when graphite was used as the pore former that can provide the increase in triple phase boundary region (TPB) in the layer. PEEK was able to generate both high porosity for oxygen diffusion to the reactive sites and increased number of TPB by the formation of fine microstructure pores in the cathode layer.

The influence of PEEK as a pore former on the microstructure of brush-painted LSCF cathodes

Two-step pretreatment, the sequential dilute acid pretreatment (DAP) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (AHP), is an efficient strategy to pretreat lignocellulose. Understanding the chemical and ultrastructural evolutions could improve the utilization of corn stalks. Advanced multiscale approach was integrated, to semi-quantitative elucidate the lignocellulose structural evolution. Implementing DAP followed by AHP offered greater accessibility to enzymes than the reverse order, with glucose yield reaching 57.1% under mild condition. DAP promoted lignin degradation in the following AHP, by partially solubilizing cell wall extracts from middle lamella, and relocating lignin to cell corner and lumen. This investigation can provide new insight into potential routes to further development of lignocellulose conversion. • Multiscale analysis was to study chemical and ultrastructural evolutions. • Lignin hidden in cell walls were striped out by DAP. • Lignin accumulated to cell corner and lumen, promoted lignin degradation at AHP. • Glucose yield reached 57.1% after DAP-AHP, higher than the reverse order. 

Chemical and ultrastructural evolutions of corn stalk during sequential acid and alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment

Composites of La 0.4 Sr 0.6 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3i d (LSCF) with samarium doped ceria (SDC) have been extensively used as cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to lower its operation temperature. The ability to visualize three-dimensional (3D) microstructural changes in LSCF-SDC composite cathodes can help elucidate the impact of microstructure on cathode performance. This study reports that we utilize the nano-computed tomography (nano-CT) technique to image the 3D microstructures of La 0.4 Sr 0.6 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 (LSCF) - Ce 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 (SDC) composite cathodes which were sintering at 800, 1000, and 1200 o C, respectively, for 2 h based on the Fe K-absorption edge. Using the reconstructions of LSFC-SDC composite cathodes submitted to different temperatures, the key microstructural properties, such as volume fraction of each phase, connected volume fraction, surface area, triple-phase boundary length, and pore size were measured. The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure of LSFC-SDC cathodes was discussed and compared with theoretical simulation. With increasing sintering temperature in the range from 800 to 1200

Analysis of impact of sintering temperature on microstructure of LSCF-SDC composite cathodes using nano-CT

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Analysis of impact of sintering temperature on microstructure of LSCF-SDC composite cathodes using nano-CT