Based on the analysis of energy structure and the development trends of advanced nuclear energy technology, combining the complementary advantages of nuclear energy and other energy sources in China, the Fluoride-Salt-cooled high-Temperature Advanced Reactor (FuSTAR) system has been proposed. FuSTAR system is designed to address production capacity issues in areas with energy shortages or resource concentration and can be combined with high-temperature process heat to achieve high-value-added processes such as hydrogen production. In this paper, the Tri-structural isotropic fuel combined with helical cruciform elements has been studied in detail on the neutron physics and thermal-hydraulic properties, and the flow and heat transfer experiment is carried out for the first time. The multilayer nonlinear programming method has been applied to the design of thermal transport systems. Then the optimal parameters and configuration of the thermoelectric conversion system are obtained by the superstructure optimization method. The inherent safety of FuSTAR is demonstrated through deterministic safety analysis. In addition, the iodine-sulfur cycle technology and the characteristics of tritium production are also analyzed. This study highlights the significant potential of integrating nuclear energy with other energy sources in an optimized energy-production system. 

Fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature advanced reactor (FuSTAR): An integrated nuclear-based energy production and conversion system

Superstructure design and optimization on closed Brayton cycle system of fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature advanced reactor

A novel type of nuclear fuel named helical cruciform fuel may realize self-supporting for adjacent elements and improve heat transfer, both of which contribute to increasing the power density of the reactor. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of a hexagonal helical cruciform seven-rod bundle were experimentally investigated in the present work. 200 sets of isothermal frictional resistance experiments and 199 sets of heat transfer experiments were finished. The laminar flow region (200<Re<1000), the transitional flow region (1000<Re<3000), and the turbulent flow region (3000<Re<16,000) were determined based on the experimental data. Several correlations are compared with the present experimental data. The helical cruciform single-rod correlation underestimates the Nusselt number in the seven-rod bundle for Re<7000, while it has an average relative error of 7.96 % with the resistance experimental data. The empirical correlations to calculate the frictional resistance coefficient and the Nusselt number were fitted. When the Richardson number is greater than 0.1 in the laminar flow region, the Reynolds number is less than 600, and flow is considered to be mixed convection. The temperature distributions of the inner, side, and corner subchannel are analyzed. The temperature of the inner subchannel is higher than the side and corner subchannel. The increase of Reynolds number is beneficial to the fluid transverse mixing between different subchannels. This work gives validation data to support the numerical model in the helical cruciform rod bundle. 

Experimental study on flow and heat transfer of medium-Prandtl-number fluid along a hexagonal helical cruciform seven-rods

With the diesel engine test data of the flue gas as the initial conditions and the boundaries, the arrangement of the S-CO2 recompression Brayton cycle (SCRBC) was established and the optimization of the S-CO2 Brayton cycle (SCBC) system for 6EX340EF, 6L16/24, and CHD622V20 diesel engine were studied. Additionally, the model accuracy was validated with the test data from Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Meanwhile, the parameter optimization determined the optimal system operating conditions via a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). Finally, the feasibility of the SCBC applied in flue gas waste heat recovery (WHR) for marine engines was comprehensively assessed from the efficiency, net output power, fuel consumption rate, and exergy. The results showed that with the recompression Brayton cycle layout in the optimal configuration, the low-speed marine diesel engine could reach 1.68% of the maximum total efficiency improvement and 6.43 g/kWh of the fuel consumption rate reduction at 100% load, the maximum net output power increased to 178.14 kW; the medium-speed marine diesel engine could reach 2.37% of the maximum total efficiency improvement and 11.60 g/kWh of the fuel consumption rate reduction at 100% load, the maximum net output power increased to 31.69 kW; the high-speed marine diesel engine could reach 1.00% of the maximum total efficiency improvement and 5.58 g/kWh of the fuel consumption rate reduction at 25% load, the maximum net output power increased to 21.54 kW. By comparing the SCRBC of the marine diesel engine, the high-speed engine has the highest efficiency of flue gas WHR, followed by the medium-speed engine and finally, the low-speed engine. The cooler, flue gas heat exchanger, and high-temperature recuperator (HTR) modules were the weak points of the SCRBC system through the exergy analysis, and further optimization of the SCRBC system can be extended to other engines to improve efficiency and emission. 

Characteristics of the S-CO2 Brayton cycle for full-scale multi-condition diesel engines

Biomass-based energy systems are gaining popularity as a clean and renewable source of energy, and have the potential to be a major contributor to the transition towards a sustainable energy future. In this regard, a novel multi-generation energy system is developed based on the biomass combustion. Wood chip and rice straw biomass is combusted with air agent and triggers an integrated system comprises a gas turbine cycle, a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, a supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, and a humidification-dehumidification desalination system. The performances of wood chip and rice straw in triggering the system are compared from environmental and energy indicators viewpoints. The system fueled by wood chip emits lower carbon dioxide emission compared to the system fueled by rice straw (8.294 g/kWh compared to 10.41 g/kWh). However, the rice straw-fueled system results in higher efficiency than the wood chip-fueled system (69.9% compared to 69.1%). The system fueled by wood chip produces 2.68 kg/h of hydrogen while this value if 1.96 kg/h for the system fueled by rice straw. The research validated the possibility of utilizing energy systems that incorporate wood chip and rice straw biomass across various generations and showed the superiority of the wood chip in most cases. 

Environmental sustainability by a comprehensive environmental and energy comparison analysis in a wood chip and rice straw biomass-fueled multi-generation energy system

The small modular fluorid-salt-cooled high temperature reactor has a higher core outlet temperature, and the Rankine cycle cannot meet the design requirements of this type reactor. The SCO2 Brayton cycle is one of the most promising energy conversion system options for this type reactor. In this paper, the design and optimization of the configuration, temperature, pressure and other parameters for the thermal efficiency of SCO2 Brayton cycle are performed, which is applied for the Fluoride-Salt-cooled high-Temperature Advanced Reactor (FuSTAR). In order to ensure the process of heat transfer, a conservative method to detect and locate the pinch point is proposed. At first, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to find the optimize thermal efficiency of simple regenerated cycle. Then, by analyzing the entropy and differential temperature of cold and heat sources, four improved configurations is promoted. The results show that under the thermodynamic boundary of FuSTAR, the thermal efficiency of reheating and intercooling cycle is the highest, reaching 51.64%. In addition, the sensitivity analysis of key parameters is carried out under the optimal thermal efficiency of five configurations. In addition, the primary reheat and intercooling cycle is most suitable for the energy conversion system of FuSTAR. 

Design, optimization and thermodynamic analysis of SCO2 Brayton cycle system for FHR

Start-up characteristics for the test facility of a prototype sodium heated OTSG

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Design, optimization and thermodynamic analysis of SCO2 Brayton cycle system for FHR

Fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature advanced reactor (FuSTAR): An integrated nuclear-based energy production and conversion system

Start-up characteristics for the test facility of a prototype sodium heated OTSG