As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to multiple abiotic stresses commonly found in nature. To survive, plants have developed complex responses that involve genetic, epigenetic, cellular, and morphological modifications. Among different environmental cues, salt stress has emerged as a critical problem contributing to yield losses and marked reductions in crop production. Moreover, as the climate changes, it is expected that salt stress will have a significant impact on crop production in the agroindustry. On a mechanistic level, salt stress is known to be regulated by the crosstalk of many signaling molecules such as phytohormones, with auxin having been described as a key mediator of the process. Auxin plays an important role in plant developmental responses and stress, modulating a complex balance of biosynthesis, transport, and signaling that among other things, finely tune physiological changes in plant architecture and Na+ accumulation. In this review, we describe current knowledge on auxin's role in modulating the salt stress response. We also discuss recent and potential biotechnological approaches to tackling salt stress.

Auxin-mediated responses under salt stress: from developmental regulation to biotechnological applications.

Rice–wheat cropping system, intensively followed in Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP), played a prominent role in fulfilling the food grains demand of the increasing population of South Asia. In northern Indian plains, some practices such as intensive rice cultivation with traditional method for long-term have been associated with severe deterioration of natural resources, declining factor productivity, multiple nutrients deficiencies, depleting groundwater, labour scarcity and higher cost of cultivation, putting the agricultural sustainability in question. Varietal development, soil and water management, and adoption of resource conservation technologies in rice cultivation are the key interventions areas to address these challenges. The cultivation of lesser water requiring crops, replacing rice in light-textured soil and rainfed condition, should be encouraged through policy interventions. Direct seeding of short duration, high-yielding and stress tolerant rice varieties with water conservation technologies can be a successful approach to improve the input use efficiency in rice cultivation under medium–heavy-textured soils. Moreover, integrated approach of suitable cultivars for conservation agriculture, mechanized transplanting on zero-tilled/unpuddled field and need-based application of water, fertilizer and chemicals might be a successful approach for sustainable rice production system in the current scenario. In this review study, various challenges in productivity and sustainability of rice cultivation system and possible alternatives and solutions to overcome such challenges are discussed in details.

/pdf/challenges-and-opportunities-in-productivity-and-1pn8411j2s.pdf

Challenges and opportunities in productivity and sustainability of rice cultivation system: a critical review in Indian perspective

/pdf/polyploidy-its-consequences-and-enabling-role-in-plant-f684irds.pdf

Polyploidy: its consequences and enabling role in plant diversification and evolution

Biotechnological interventions for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crops

QTL identified for stay-green in a multi-reference nested association mapping population of wheat exhibit context dependent expression and parent-specific alleles

Variation in heterochromatin is thought to play an important role in chromosome evolution in cereal rye (Secale cereale). This theory has been based on only limited numbers of sampled individuals, as it is difficult to handle large numbers in detailed cytogenetic analyses. In this study, we analyzed a relatively large number of individuals comprising 300 plants from six open-pollinated rye cultivars using oligonucleotides TAMRA-oligo-6 and FAM-pSc119.2-1 that represent tandem repeats of pSc200 and pSc119.2, respectively. Seventy-three types of heterochromatin blocks were identified on all seven chromosomes: 43 from pSc119.2 and 30 from pSc200. Eight block types were fully conserved, and variants in 65 (89.04%) had frequencies ranging from 0.17 to 49.67% and an average of 14.47%. Block 6R-g3 (49.67%) had the highest frequency of variation. Higher average frequencies of variation in block types were revealed by pSc200 (19.33%) than by pSc119.2 (11.08%). A total of 322 polymorphic chromosomes (combinations of different block types) were identified, including 79 major types with frequencies higher than expected, including 14 that were fivefold higher. Six preferentially transmitted chromosomes were confirmed by karyotype analysis in 40 wheat-rye F1 plants. Among the 300 plants investigated, there were 63.00 to 86.66% heterozygosity and 43.66 to 90.32% heterogeneity for each chromosome. Results from this research confirmed rapid chromosome change and high levels of chromosome diversity in heterochromatin blocks in rye.

Frequent variations in tandem repeats pSc200 and pSc119.2 cause rapid chromosome evolution of open-pollinated rye

Fusarium solani has often been isolated from replanted apple roots, suggesting that it is associated with apple replant disease. The mechanism underlying the ability of the mixed cropping of apple trees with Allium fistulosum L. to alleviate apple replant disease remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the pathogenicity of the Fusarium solani isolate HBH 08 isolated from diseased roots and the effect of A. fistulosum L. and its root secretions on Fusarium solani isolate HBH 08 and apple seedings. The field experiment showed that A. fistulosum L. not only significantly reduced the amount of the Fusarium solani isolate HBH 08 in replanted soil but also increased the biomass of the grafted apple seedlings. The GC–MS analysis indicated that dimethyl disulphide and diallyl disulphide were active molecules in the root exudates of A. fistulosum L. They inhibited the growth of the Fusarium solani isolate HBH 08 mycelium and decreased the number of spores germinated. In addition, these compounds reduced the amount of the Fusarium solani isolate HBH 08 under replanted conditions and promoted the growth of grafted apple seedlings. Overall, mixed cropping with A. fistulosum L. might be an effective approach for cultivating apple trees and controlling apple replant disease.

/pdf/allium-fistulosum-l-alleviates-apple-replant-disease-by-2kqwqxjk.pdf

Allium fistulosum L. Alleviates Apple Replant Disease by Suppressing Fusarium solani

https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-pdf/131/1/185/50106125/mcac054.pdf

Chromosome diversity in Dasypyrum villosum, an important genetic and trait resource for hexaploid wheat engineering.

Founder wheat lines have played key role in Chinese wheat improvement. Wheat-Dasypyrum villosum translocation T6VS·6AL has been widely used in wheat breeding in recent years due to its high level of powdery mildew resistance and other beneficial genes. Reference oligo-nucleotide multiplex probe (ONMP)–FISH karyotypes of six T6VS·6AL donor lines were developed and used for characterizing 32 derivative cultivars and lines. T6VS·6AL was present in 27 cultivar/lines with 20 from southern China. Next, ONMP–FISH was used to study chromosome constitution of randomly collected wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines from southern and northern regions of China: 123 lines from the regional test plots of southern China and 110 from northern China. In southern China, T6VS·6AL (35.8%) was the most predominant variation, while T1RS·1BL (27.3%) was the most predominant in northern China. The pericentric inversion perInv 6B derived from its founder wheat Funo and Abbondaza was the second most predominant chromosome variant in both regions. Other chromosome variants were present in very low frequencies. Additionally, 167 polymorphic chromosome types were identified. Based on these variations, 271 cultivars and lines were clustered into three groups, including southern, northern, and mixed groups that contained wheat from both regions. Different dominant chromosome variations were seen, indicating chromosome differentiation in the three groups of wheat. The clearly identified wheat lines with T6VS·6AL in different backgrounds and oligonucleotide probe set will facilitate their utilization in wheat breeding and in identifying other beneficial traits that may be linked to this translocation.

Predominant wheat-alien chromosome translocations in newly developed wheat of China

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Papers

Frequent variations in tandem repeats pSc200 and pSc119.2 cause rapid chromosome evolution of open-pollinated rye

Allium fistulosum L. Alleviates Apple Replant Disease by Suppressing Fusarium solani

Chromosome diversity in Dasypyrum villosum, an important genetic and trait resource for hexaploid wheat engineering.

Predominant wheat-alien chromosome translocations in newly developed wheat of China