Effect of plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria on plant hormone homeostasis

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar improves drought tolerance in chickpea.

Monoammonium phosphate (MAP), triple superphosphate (TSP), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4), with and without the addition of magnesium oxide (MgO), were mixed with poultry litter (PL) to produce biochar-based fertilizers (BBFs). This is a novel approach aiming to add value to PL residue and to increase P use efficiency in acidic tropical soils. Samples of BBFs were assessed by P-release kinetics in water, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a bioassay with maize in a greenhouse using a clayey Oxisol. Addition of MgO reduced the kinetics of P released from BBFs impregnated with all P sources. XRD analysis showed the formation of low-solubility Ca2P2O7 and Mg2P207 compounds, which is supported by P—O—P or P═O stretching observed in the FTIR spectra. The MgO-treated BBFs increased shoot dry matter production compared to the control, but were inferior when compared to TSP in the short term. The slow release of P and the alkaline reaction of the BBFs show great potential fo...

Co-Pyrolysis of Poultry Litter and Phosphate and Magnesium Generates Alternative Slow-Release Fertilizer Suitable for Tropical Soils

A key characteristic of plant development is its plasticity in response to various and dynamically changing environmental conditions. Tropisms contribute to this flexibility by allowing plant organs to grow from or towards environmental cues. Halotropism is a recently described tropism in which plant roots bend away from salt. During halotropism, as in most other tropisms, directional growth is generated through an asymmetric auxin distribution that generates differences in growth rate and hence induces bending. Here, we develop a detailed model of auxin transport in the Arabidopsis root tip and combine this with experiments to investigate the processes generating auxin asymmetry during halotropism. Our model points to the key role of root tip architecture in allowing the decrease in PIN2 at the salt-exposed side of the root to result in a re-routing of auxin to the opposite side. In addition, our model demonstrates how feedback of auxin on the auxin transporter AUX1 amplifies this auxin asymmetry, while a salt-induced transient increase in PIN1 levels increases the speed at which this occurs. Using AUX1-GFP imaging and pin1 mutants, we experimentally confirmed these model predictions, thus expanding our knowledge of the cellular basis of halotropism.

/pdf/modeling-halotropism-a-key-role-for-root-tip-architecture-1za2cjq95v.pdf

Modeling halotropism: A key role for root tip architecture and reflux loop remodeling in redistributing auxin

Mineral nutrients play crucial functions in the growth and development of plants as they are intimately involved in the plant cell organization and metabolic functions. The mineral nutrients are either structural/functional constituents of enzymes or act as activators or regulators of various enzyme activities. The macronutrients like N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus) form structural constituents of building block materials, and some of them [K (potassium), Ca (calcium), and Mg (magnesium)] are regulator or activator of enzymes. Deficiencies of macronutrient affect various physiological or metabolic activities including increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the organisms. Excess production of ROS causes oxidative stress in the plants. To counter with the oxidative stress, plants have evolved both enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROS scavenging system for protection of cellular components against deleterious ROS. Antioxidant machinery is comprised of various antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidases (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and non-enzyme molecules such as ascorbate (AA), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids and α-tocopherols. Reactive oxygen species can attack cellular structures such as cell membranes and various biomolecules including proteins and nucleic acids and causes lipid peroxidation and protein damage. In this review, we summarize recent developments on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses of plants induced by macronutrient deficiency. Further, we discuss possible ROS signaling events involved in oxidative stress and antioxidant responses induced due to different macronutrient deficiency.

Oxidative Stress Under Macronutrient Deficiency in Plants

A balanced supply of essential nutrients is an important factor influencing root architecture in many plants, yet data related to the interactive effects of two nutrients on root growth are limited. Here, we investigated the interactive effect between phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) on root growth of Arabidopsis grown in pH-buffered agar medium at different P and Mg levels. The results showed that elongation and deviation of primary roots were directly correlated with the amount of P added to the medium but could be modified by the Mg level, which was related to the root meristem activity and stem-cell division. High P enhanced while low P decreased the tip-focused fluorescence signal of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and redistribution during elongation of primary roots; these effects were greater under low Mg than under high Mg. The altered root growth in response to P and Mg supply was correlated with AUX1, PIN2, and PIN3 mRNA abundance and expression and the accumulation of the protein. Application of either auxin influx inhibitor or efflux inhibitor inhibited the elongation and increased the deviation angle of primary roots, and decreased auxin level in root tips. Furthermore, the auxin-transport mutants aux1-22 and eir1-1 displayed reduced root growth and increased the deviation angle. Our data suggest a profound effect of the combined supply of P and Mg on the development of root morphology in Arabidopsis through auxin signals that modulate the elongation and directional growth of primary root and the expression of root differentiation and development genes.

Phosphorus and magnesium interactively modulate the elongation and directional growth of primary roots in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh

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Phosphorus and magnesium interactively modulate the elongation and directional growth of primary roots in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh