Recent years have seen the emergence of capacitive deionization (CDI) as a promising desalination technique for converting sea and wastewater into potable water, due to its energy efficiency and eco-friendly nature. However, its low salt removal capacity and parasitic reactions have limited its effectiveness. As a result, the development of porous carbon nanomaterials as electrode materials have been explored, while taking into account of material characteristics such as morphology, wettability, high conductivity, chemical robustness, cyclic stability, specific surface area, and ease of production. To tackle the parasitic reaction issue, membrane capacitive deionization (mCDI) was proposed which utilizes ion-exchange membranes coupled to the electrode. Fabrication techniques along with the experimental parameters used to evaluate the desalination performance of different materials are discussed in this review to provide an overview of improvements made for CDI and mCDI desalination purposes.

Electrode materials for desalination of water via capacitive deionization.

The single-phase high-entropy alloy film is difficult to meet severe friction conditions due to its low hardness and high friction coefficient. Nano-composite structure film is composed of at least two separated phases, showing the properties of strength and toughness integration and excellent wear resistance. The design of nanocomposite structures can effectively improve the mechanical properties and tribological properties of high-entropy alloy films. In this study, the (CuNiTiNbCr)Cx nanocomposite high-entropy films (HEFs) integrated with high hardness, high toughness, and self-lubrication were synthesized by the double-target co-sputtering method. The effect of carbon content on microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological properties of (CuNiTiNbCr)Cx films was studied. With the increase of carbon content in the HEFs, the carbon atoms preferentially react with Ti, Nb, and Cr to form a (TiNbCr)C ceramic-reinforced phase, and then the excess carbon atoms precipitate in the form of amorphous carbon (a-C) lubricating phase in the HEFs. The structure of the HEFs changes from an amorphous structure to a nanocomposite structure of amorphous (amorphous CuNiTiNbCr phase + a-C phase)/nanocrystalline (TiNbCr)C phase. When the carbon content is about 21.2 at.%, the carbide phase in the film reaches saturation and the hardness and modulus of the films are highest, which are 18 GPa and 228 GPa, respectively. The HEFs with a carbon content of 44.0 at.% show the best toughness and tribological properties with a friction coefficient of 0.16 and a wear rate of 2.4 × 10–6 mm3/(N m), which is mainly attributed to the excellent resistance to fatigue crack growth and the interfacial lubricating layer formed in the friction process. The nanocomposite (CuNiTiNbCr)Cx HEFs show very promising application prospect in the field of friction protection. 

Hard yet tough and self-lubricating (CuNiTiNbCr)C high-entropy nanocomposite films: effects of carbon content on structure and properties

Highly mesoporous carbon nanofiber electrodes with ultrahigh specific surface area for efficient capacitive deionization

Wear-resistant CrCoNi nanocrystalline film via friction-driven surface segregation

Formation of Zr-rich BCC phase and its relation on the hydrogen storage properties of TiVNbZr high entropy alloy

Highly efficient capacitive desalination for brackish water using super activated carbon with ultra-high pore volume

Effect of Bias Voltage on the Structure and Properties of Cunitinbcr Dual-Phase High Entropy Alloy Films

Although axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling (AUVAM) is promising for rapid and economical fabrication of 3D micro-texture on various surfaces, it has been a challenge to obtain micro-texture with small feature size and large height simultaneously. The mechanism and major influence factors for the formation of micro-texture by this method were explored in this study. It was found that the generation of micro-texture was mainly caused by cutting and extrusion from the flank face of the milling tool under ultrasonic vibration. Therefore, a novel 3D tool model that considered the relief angle, end cutting edge angle and the blade profile was established in simulation analysis. The good agreement between simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the influence of the flank face on the micro-texture was mainly attributed to the relief angle of the milling tool. It was the first time to report that both the height and the profile shape of the micro-texture unit were affected by the overlap and extrusion between the flank surface and the micro-texture. But this influence diminished with the increase of spindle speed. 3D sinusoid-shaped micro-texture with minimum width of 20 μm and height of 2 μm (fully reproduced the ultrasonic amplitude) was realized with the relief angle of 40° and spindle speed of 4000 rpm. Other typical textures of weave, shell, scale and corrugation were also presented to show the effective regulation of texture patterns in AUVAM. This work provides both theoretical and practical basis for such a low-cost, efficient and controllable 3D micro-texture preparation method. 

/pdf/generation-mechanism-of-surface-micro-texture-in-axial-17rsdt74.pdf

Generation mechanism of surface micro-texture in axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling (AUVAM)

The Molecular Evolution Mechanism of Direct Pyrolysis and Hydropyrolysis of Changqing Petroleum Coke Was Compared Based on ReaxFF Method

Synthesis of K[B3H7NH2BH2NH2B3H7] for a K-ion solid-state electrolyte.

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