In recent years, research in the field of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as fullerenes, expanded graphite (EG), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO), has been widely used in energy storage, electronics, catalysts, and biomaterials, as well as medical applications. Regarding energy storage, one of the most important research directions is the development of CNMs as carriers of energetic components by coating or encapsulation, thus forming safer advanced nanostructures with better performances. Moreover, some CNMs can also be functionalized to become energetic additives. This review article covers updated preparation methods for the aforementioned CNMs, with a more specific orientation towards the use of these nanomaterials in energetic compositions. The effects of these functionalized CNMs on thermal decomposition, ignition, combustion and the reactivity properties of energetic compositions are significant and are discussed in detail. It has been shown that the use of functionalized CNMs in energetic compositions greatly improves their combustion performances, thermal stability and sensitivity. In particular, functionalized fullerenes, CNTs and GO are the most appropriate candidate components in nanothermites, solid propellants and gas generators, due to their superior catalytic properties as well as facile preparation methods.

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Highly energetic compositions based on functionalized carbon nanomaterials

Catalytic effects of nano additives on decomposition and combustion of RDX-, HMX-, and AP-based energetic compositions

Experimental investigation of the factors affecting the burning rate of solid rocket propellants

Effect of magnesium on the burning characteristics of boron particles

Combustion characteristics of extruded double base propellant based on ammonium perchlorate/aluminum binary mixture

Combustion efficiency and pyrochemical properties of micron-sized metal particles as the components of modified double-base propellant

Municipal sewage sludge poses environmental and health risks, and thus, requires proper disposal using pyrolytic techniques. However, these techniques are hindered by the production of NH3 and HCN (NOx precursors) by the sludge. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of NH3 and HCN formation during sludge pyrolysis is required to minimize its NOx footprint. As sludge N mainly occurs in proteins forms, its transformations can be modeled using amino acids. Here, we aimed to the study the mechanism by which carbohydrates influence the formation of NOx precursors during sludge protein pyrolysis at different temperatures using glutamic acid, tyrosine, and histidine as protein models and cellulose and lignin as carbohydrate models. During pyrolysis, the release of NH3 and HCN was promoted by high temperatures and inhibited by carbohydrates. Despite this inhibitory effect, the results suggested that the release of NH3 should be considered for samples rich in aliphatic amino acids. For glutamic acid and tyrosine, NOx precursor formation was inhibited by N fixation in coke under the action of volatiles produced during carbohydrate pyrolysis. For glutamic acid, adding cellulose and lignin increased the coke-N content by 25.32% and 44.73% at 700 ℃. For histidine, this effect was ascribed to the ring-opening reactions induced by the free radical products of carbohydrate decomposition and the enhanced transfer of N-containing compounds to tar after ring-opening recombination. Further, heterocyclic-N within tar increased to 69.12% due to lignin-histidine interactions at 700 ℃. The results of this study can assist in regulating sludge protein pyrolysis intended for minimizing the production of NOx precursors. 

Unveiling the mechanism of NO precursor formation during sewage sludge pyrolysis: Effects of carbohydrate–protein interactions

Theoretical modeling of hydrochar precursor formation during the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge

The harmful effects of improper sewage sludge (SS) treatment on the environment inspire the search for more benign sludge processing techniques such as hydrothermal carbonization (HTC); the abundant organic matter in SS is used for energy recovery. Here, we aimed to optimize the HTC-based preparation of SS hydrochar and its gasification performance by using response surface methodology (RSM). Specifically, the hydrochar yield, higher heating value (HHV), and gasification activity index were selected as optimization goals, whereas carbonization temperature (160–260 °C), residence time (30–150 min), and acetic acid concentration (0–1.5 M) were selected as factors influencing the HTC process and CO2-assisted gasification performance. Carbonization temperature was the dominant parameter determining hydrochar yield, HHV, and gasification activity. The hydrochar yield (82.69%) and calorific value (7820.99 kJ kg−1) were maximized under comparatively mild conditions (160 °C, 30 min, and 0.07 M acetic acid), whereas the gasification activity index (0.288 s−1) was maximized under harsher conditions (211.34 °C, 88.16 min, and 1.58 M acetic acid). The results help to guide the HTC of SS intended for gasification, thus promoting the development of this promising waste-to-energy technology and may facilitate the design and further optimization of thermochemical SS conversion. 

Multi-response optimization of sewage sludge-derived hydrochar production and its CO2-assisted gasification performance

Synthesis of Pei-Modified Fe3o4 Nanoparticles and its Application on Adsorption and Removal of Tungsten from Aqueous Solutions

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