Differential Evolution (DE) is arguably one of the most powerful and versatile evolutionary optimizers for the continuous parameter spaces in recent times. Almost 5 years have passed since the first comprehensive survey article was published on DE by Das and Suganthan in 2011. Several developments have been reported on various aspects of the algorithm in these 5 years and the research on and with DE have now reached an impressive state. Considering the huge progress of research with DE and its applications in diverse domains of science and technology, we find that it is a high time to provide a critical review of the latest literatures published and also to point out some important future avenues of research. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and organize the information on these current developments on DE. Beginning with a comprehensive foundation of the basic DE family of algorithms, we proceed through the recent proposals on parameter adaptation of DE, DE-based single-objective global optimizers, DE adopted for various optimization scenarios including constrained, large-scale, multi-objective, multi-modal and dynamic optimization, hybridization of DE with other optimizers, and also the multi-faceted literature on applications of DE. The paper also presents a dozen of interesting open problems and future research issues on DE.

Recent advances in differential evolution – An updated survey

We present RF-Capture, a system that captures the human figure -- i.e., a coarse skeleton -- through a wall. RF-Capture tracks the 3D positions of a person's limbs and body parts even when the person is fully occluded from its sensor, and does so without placing any markers on the subject's body. In designing RF-Capture, we built on recent advances in wireless research, which have shown that certain radio frequency (RF) signals can traverse walls and reflect off the human body, allowing for the detection of human motion through walls. In contrast to these past systems which abstract the entire human body as a single point and find the overall location of that point through walls, we show how we can reconstruct various human body parts and stitch them together to capture the human figure. We built a prototype of RF-Capture and tested it on 15 subjects. Our results show that the system can capture a representative human figure through walls and use it to distinguish between various users.

/pdf/capturing-the-human-figure-through-a-wall-yhtcbqzs16.pdf

Capturing the human figure through a wall

A Region Based Stereo Matching Algorithm Using Cooperative Optimization

The quantity and diversity of data in Light-Field videos makes this content valuable for many applications such as mixed and augmented reality or post-production in the movie industry. Some of such applications require a large parallax between the different views of the Light-Field, making the multi-view capture a better option than plenoptic cameras. In this paper we propose a dataset and a complete pipeline for Light-Field video. The proposed algorithms are specially tailored to process sparse and wide-baseline multi-view videos captured with a camera rig. Our pipeline includes algorithms such as geometric calibration, color homogenization, view pseudo-rectification and depth estimation. Such elemental algorithms are well known by the state-of-the-art but they must achieve high accuracy to guarantee the success of other algorithms using our data. Along this paper, we publish our Light-Field video dataset that we believe may be of special interest for the community. We provide the original sequences, the calibration parameters and the pseudo-rectified views. Finally, we propose a depth-based rendering algorithm for Dynamic Perspective Rendering.

/pdf/dataset-and-pipeline-for-multi-view-light-field-video-4gtzbpaf27.pdf

Dataset and Pipeline for Multi-view Light-Field Video

In this paper, we propose a new video inpainting method which applies to both static or free-moving camera videos. The method can be used for object removal, error concealment, and background reconstruction applications. To limit the computational time, a frame is inpainted by considering a small number of neighboring pictures which are grouped into a group of pictures (GoP). More specifically, to inpaint a frame, the method starts by aligning all the frames of the GoP. This is achieved by a region-based homography computation method which allows us to strengthen the spatial consistency of aligned frames. Then, from the stack of aligned frames, an energy function based on both spatial and temporal coherency terms is globally minimized. This energy function is efficient enough to provide high quality results even when the number of pictures in the GoP is rather small, e.g. 20 neighboring frames. This drastically reduces the algorithm complexity and makes the approach well suited for near real-time video editing applications as well as for loss concealment applications. Experiments with several challenging video sequences show that the proposed method provides visually pleasing results for object removal, error concealment, and background reconstruction context.

/pdf/video-inpainting-with-short-term-windows-application-to-4yimifvud3.pdf

Video Inpainting With Short-Term Windows: Application to Object Removal and Error Concealment

Synthetic aperture imaging using pixel labeling via energy minimization

In this paper, we present a novel refractive calibration method for an underwater stereo camera system where both cameras are looking through multiple parallel flat refractive interfaces. At the heart of our method is an important finding that the thickness of the interface can be estimated from a set of pixel correspondences in the stereo images when the refractive axis is given. To our best knowledge, such a finding has not been studied or reported. Moreover, by exploring the search space for the refractive axis and using reprojection error as a measure, both the refractive axis and the thickness of the interface can be recovered simultaneously. Our method does not require any calibration target such as a checkerboard pattern which may be difficult to manipulate when the cameras are deployed deep undersea. The implementation of our method is simple. In particular, it only requires solving a set of linear equations of the form Ax = b and applies sparse bundle adjustment to refine the initial estimated results. Extensive experiments have been carried out which include simulations with and without outliers to verify the correctness of our method as well as to test its robustness to noise and outliers. The results of real experiments are also provided. The accuracy of our results is comparable to that of a state-of-the-art method that requires known 3D geometry of a scene.

/pdf/two-view-camera-housing-parameters-calibration-for-multi-4cjfubr6xh.pdf

Two-View Camera Housing Parameters Calibration for Multi-layer Flat Refractive Interface

3D reconstruction of transparent and specular objects is a very challenging topic in computer vision. For transparent and specular objects, which have complex interior and exterior structures that can reflect and refract light in a complex fashion, it is difficult, if not impossible, to use either passive stereo or the traditional structured light methods to do the reconstruction. We propose a frequency-based 3D reconstruction method, which incorporates the frequency-based matting method. Similar to the structured light methods, a set of frequency-based patterns are projected onto the object, and a camera captures the scene. Each pixel of the captured image is analyzed along the time axis and the corresponding signal is transformed to the frequency-domain using the Discrete Fourier Transform. Since the frequency is only determined by the source that creates it, the frequency of the signal can uniquely identify the location of the pixel in the patterns. In this way, the correspondences between the pixels in the captured images and the points in the patterns can be acquired. Using a new labelling procedure, the surface of transparent and specular objects can be reconstructed with very encouraging results.

/pdf/frequency-based-3d-reconstruction-of-transparent-and-1hjwjso4pt.pdf

Frequency-Based 3D Reconstruction of Transparent and Specular Objects

“Seeing through” occluders is one of the most important effects that can be achieved with synthetic aperture imaging. As well, the occlusion problem, a challenging task for many computer vision applications, can be easily handled. Synthetic aperture imaging takes advantage of the property that only objects on the focal plane are sharp. The resulting image that is obtained by averaging images from different views consists of blurry objects away from the focal plane and sharp objects on the focal plane. Removing the blurriness caused by defocusing in synthetic aperture images to achieve an all-in-focus “seeing through” image is a challenging research problem. In this paper, we propose a novel method to improve the image quality of synthetic aperture imaging using image matting via energy minimization by estimating the foreground and the background. In particular, we first estimate the out-of-focus region by focusing on the background objects in each camera view using energy minimization. Next, we utilize a labeling method to create a sharp “see through” synthetic aperture image of the hidden objects. Then, image matting is used to extract the alpha matte of the hidden objects. Finally, by compositing the hidden objects with the estimated background regions, a sharp “see through” synthetic aperture image is created. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional synthetic aperture imaging method [1] as well as its improved versions [2] – [4] , which simply dim and blur the area in the image that is out of focus, and a recent all-in-focus method [5] . We show that both the occluded objects and the background can be combined using our method to create a sharp synthetic aperture image.

All-In-Focus Synthetic Aperture Imaging Using Image Matting

In this paper, we propose a new method, which requires no interactive operation, to estimate background from an image sequence with occluding objects. The images are taken from the same viewpoint under similar illumination conditions. Our method combines the information from input images by selecting the appropriate pixels to construct the background. We have two simple assumptions for the input image sequence: each background pixel has to be disclosed at least once and some parts of the background are never occluded. We propose a cost function that includes a data term and a smoothness term. A unique feature of our data term is that it has not only the stationary term, but also a new predicted term obtained using an image inpainting technique. The smoothness term guarantees that the output is visually smooth so that there is no need for post-processing. The cost is minimized by applying graph cuts optimization. We apply our algorithm to several complex natural scenes as well as to an image sequence with different camera exposure settings, and the results are encouraging.

Background estimation using graph cuts and inpainting

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