As the most widely used herbal medicine in human history and a major defense hormone in plants against a broad spectrum of pathogens and abiotic stresses, salicylic acid (SA) has attracted major research interest. With applications of modern technologies over the past 30 years, studies of the effects of SA on plant growth, development, and defense have revealed many new research frontiers, and continue to deliver surprises. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in our understanding of SA metabolism, perception, and signal transduction mechanisms in plant immunity. An overarching theme emerges that SA executes its many functions through intricate regulation at multiple steps: SA biosynthesis is regulated both locally and systemically, while its perception occurs through multiple cellular targets, including metabolic enzymes, redox regulators, transcription cofactors, and most recently, an RNA-binding protein. Moreover, SA orchestrates a complex series of posttranslational modifications of downstream signaling components and promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates that function as cellular signaling hubs. SA also impacts wider cellular functions through crosstalk with other plant hormones. Looking into the future, we propose new areas for exploration on SA functions, which will undoubtedly uncover more surprises for many years to come.

Salicylic Acid in Plant Immunity and Beyond.

Plants interact with each other via a multitude of processes among which belowground communication facilitated by specialized metabolites plays an important but overlooked role. Until now, the exact targets, modes of action, and resulting phenotypes that these metabolites induce in neighboring plants have remained largely unknown. Moreover, positive interactions driven by the release of root exudates are prevalent in both natural field conditions and controlled laboratory environments. In particular, intraspecific positive interactions suggest a genotypic recognition mechanism in addition to non-self perception in plant roots. This review concentrates on recent discoveries regarding how plants interact with one another through belowground signals in intra- and interspecific mixtures. Furthermore, we elaborate on how an enhanced understanding of these interactions can propel the field of agroecology forward. 

The root of plant-plant interactions: Belowground special cocktails.

ABSTRACT Self‐incompatibility (SI) is an intraspecific reproductive barrier widely present in angiosperms. The SI system with the broadest occurrence in angiosperms is based on an S‐RNase linked to a cluster of multiple S‐locus F‐box ( SLF ) genes found in the Solanaceae, Plantaginaceae, Rosaceae, and Rutaceae. Recent studies reveal that non‐self S‐RNase is degraded by the Skip Cullin F‐box (SCF) SLF ‐mediated ubiquitin–proteasome system in a collaborative manner in Petunia , but how self‐RNase functions largely remains mysterious. Here, we show that S‐RNases form S‐RNase condensates (SRCs) in the self‐pollen tube cytoplasm through phase separation and the disruption of SRC formation breaks SI in self‐incompatible Petunia hybrida . We further find that the pistil SI factors of a small asparagine‐rich protein HT‐B and thioredoxin h together with a reduced state of the pollen tube all promote the expansion of SRCs, which then sequester several actin‐binding proteins, including the actin polymerization factor PhABRACL, the actin polymerization activity of which is reduced by S‐RNase in vitro . Meanwhile, we find that S‐RNase variants lacking condensation ability fail to recruit PhABRACL and are unable to induce actin foci formation required for pollen tube growth inhibition. Taken together, our results demonstrate that phase separation of S‐RNase promotes SI response in P. hybrida , revealing a new mode of S‐RNase action. 

Phase separation of S‐RNase promotes self‐incompatibility in Petunia hybrida

Abstract Identification of environmental stress sensors is one of the most important research topics in plant abiotic stress research. Traditional strategies to identify stress sensors or early signaling components based on the cell membrane as a primary site of sensing and calcium signal as a second messenger have had only limited successes. Therefore, the current theoretical framework underlying stress sensing in plants should be reconsidered and additional mechanisms need to be introduced. Recently, accumulating evidence has emerged to suggest that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a major mechanism for environmental stress sensing and response in plants. In this review, we briefly introduce LLPS regarding its concept, compositions, and dynamics, and then summarize recent progress of LLPS research in plants, emphasizing the contribution of LLPS to the sensing of various environmental stresses, such as dehydration, osmotic stress, and low and high temperatures. Finally, we propose strategies to identify key proteins that sense and respond to environmental stimuli on the basis of LLPS, and discuss the research directions of LLPS in plant abiotic stress responses and its potential application in enhancing stress tolerance in crops. 

Liquid-liquid phase separation as a major mechanism of plant abiotic stress sensing and responses

Genome-Wide Association Study on Candidate Genes Associated with Soybean Stem Pubescence and Hilum Colors

Phenolic acid-induced phase separation and translation inhibition mediate plant interspecific competition.

Partial root-zone drying (PRD) is an effective water-saving irrigation strategy that improves stress tolerance and facilitates efficient water use in several crops. It has long been considered that abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent drought resistance may be involved during partial root-zone drying. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PRD-mediated stress tolerance remain unclear. It’s hypothesized that other mechanisms might contribute to PRD-mediated drought tolerance. Here, rice seedlings were used as a research model and the complex transcriptomic and metabolic reprogramming processes were revealed during PRD, with several key genes involved in osmotic stress tolerance identified by using a combination of physiological, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses. Our results demonstrated that PRD induces transcriptomic alteration mainly in the roots but not in the leaves and adjusts several amino-acid and phytohormone metabolic pathways to maintain the balance between growth and stress response compared to the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-treated roots. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome associated the co-expression modules with PRD-induced metabolic reprogramming. Several genes encoding the key transcription factors (TFs) were identified in these co-expression modules, highlighting several key TFs, including TCP19, WRI1a, ABF1, ABF2, DERF1, and TZF7, involved in nitrogen metabolism, lipid metabolism, ABA signaling, ethylene signaling, and stress regulation. Thus, our work presents the first evidence that molecular mechanisms other than ABA-mediated drought resistance are involved in PRD-mediated stress tolerance. Overall, our results provide new insights into PRD-mediated osmotic stress tolerance, clarify the molecular regulation induced by PRD, and identify genes useful for further improving water-use efficiency and/or stress tolerance in rice.

Integrated omic analysis provides insights into the molecular regulation of stress tolerance by partial root-zone drying in rice

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Phenolic acid-induced phase separation and translation inhibition mediate plant interspecific competition.

Integrated omic analysis provides insights into the molecular regulation of stress tolerance by partial root-zone drying in rice