Heavy metals, minerals, and dyes create water pollution that has become a major environmental concern worldwide. Various methods such as advanced oxidation, adsorption, biodegradation, precipitation, flocculation, ultrafiltration, ion exchange, electrochemical degradation, and coagulation have been proposed for the removal of these types of pollutants from contaminated wastewater. Among all, adsorption is considered the most promising and economically viable. Various conducting polymers are described as superior adsorbents due to the presence of different functional groups on their backbone that can be easily tuned/functionalized and showed excellent feasibility in the removal of various toxic metal ion pollutants from wastewater. Here we review, numerous aspects of water pollution, heavy metal ions, their toxic effects on health, factors affecting adsorption, and the role of conducting polymers-based materials as adsorbents. Future research should focus on real water samples on a large scale and the enhancement of performance via novel functionalization of conducting polymers to fulfill these requirements. 

A review on adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater using conducting polymer-based materials

Construction of carboxylated-GO and MOFs composites for efficient removal of heavy metal ions

Efficient removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater and fixation of heavy metals in soil by manganese dioxide nanosorbents with tailored hollow mesoporous structure

An electroactive montmorillonite/polypyrrole ion exchange film: Ultrahigh uptake capacity and ion selectivity for rapid removal of lead ions.

Conjugated microporous poly(aniline)s (CMPAs) are an intriguing material platform for the selective capture of toxic heavy metal ions from water. However, the hydrophobic, monotonous N heteroatom and microporous properties limit their application scopes, particularly for the in-depth treatment requiring to a parts per billion (ppb) level. Herein, we report a novel chitosan-anchored CMPA (CMPA-CS), as designed through delicately exploiting the chitosan as either adsorption sites or pore templates for CMPA to acquire highly functionalized mesopores that could considerably facilitate Hg(II) adsorption. The CMPA-CS thus displayed excellently wide pH suitability (1.0–13.0), large capacity (862.1 mg g−1), ultrafast removal rate (k2 = 0.163 mg g−1 min−1), high affinity (Kd = 7.1 × 106), and strong anti-interference performance (selectivity of minimum 94.5% under the extreme influence of 100-fold-concentration cations). Besides, the Hg(II) concentration could be decreased from 0.578 ppm to less than 1.106 ppb in Minjiang river water substrates, below the EPR drinking water standards of 2 ppb. Comprehensive characterization revealed that the removal mechanism of Hg (II) was primarily a synergetic chelation reaction from the unique nitrogen ligands and O-containing groups, with the following features intensified: (i) good wettability to increase the interaction between CMPA and Hg(II) as contributed by the plentiful oxygen-containing groups; (ii) hierarchical mesopores that would promote ions transport efficiency as created by the chitosan. The new insight in this work can offer valuable guidelines for the design and structure optimization of CMPAs, facilitating its real-world commercial implementation. 

Wettability tunable conjugated microporous poly(aniline)s for long-term, rapid and ppb level sequestration of Hg(II)

Selective adsorption towards heavy metal ions on the green synthesized polythiophene/MnO2 with a synergetic effect

Conjugated micro-mesoporous poly(aniline)s for ultrafast Hg (II) capture

Lacunary Polyoxometalates @ ZIF for Ultradeep Pb(II) Adsorption

Photocatalytic removal of tetracycline (TC) from the wastewater is of great value in the chemical and environmental engineering field. Here, we introduced a facile one-step method for the synthesis of BiOBr/Bi 2 WO 6 heterojunctions by using cheap CTAB as the Br source. We showed the possibility of our method to fine-tune the content of BiOBr in the produced BiOBr/Bi 2 WO 6 through by simply changing the dosage of CTAB, providing a platform for the delicate tuning of the visible-light absorbance ability of the composites. With a suitable heterojunction structure of BiOBr/Bi 2 WO 6 -0.2, it exhibited an ultrarapid photocatalytic activity towards TC (20 mg·L −1 ), with a competitive removal efficiency of 88.1% within 60 min and an ultrahigh removal rate of 0.0349 min −1 . It could also be robustly recycled for at least 5 cycles with slight removal efficiency loss. We demonstrated that this exciting photocatalytic performance was due to the highly decreased recombination of photoinduced electrons and holes on our composites by constructing this heterojunction structure, and the resulting ·OH and · O 2 - contributed to the effective degradation of TC to CO 2 . 

Facile one-pot synthesis of a BiOBr/Bi2WO6 heterojunction with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for tetracycline degradation

Hierarchical porous carbons equipped with heteroatoms and diffusion pores have a wide application prospect in adsorption. Herein, we report N-autodoped porous carbons (PTPACs), which were derived from rigid N-rich conjugated microporous poly(aniline)s (CMPAs) and show their all-around applicability in heavy metal adsorption. Their molecular structure could be delicately tuned from 3D organic networks to graphitic carbons through simply adjusting the pyrolysis temperature, affording unique hybrid features of hierarchical micro-meso-macroporosity and amount-tunable nitrogen defects, as validated by the enhanced CO2 adsorption capacities reaching 5.0 mmol g-1, a 230% increase compared to the precursor (2.15 mmol g-1). They therefore show promising a Langmuir adsorption capacity of 434.8 mg g-1 toward mercury ions, which could be rapidly achieved within a short 20 min. Based on the comprehensive experimental, characterization, and DFT calculation studies, we rationally reveal these impressive adsorptions arise from the hybrid function of chemisorption contributed by populated nitrogen defects and physical adsorption achieved by synergistic functions in the diffusion and storage pores. Outcomes mark the high merits of PTPACs in addressing recent global challenges in environmental engineering.

Conjugated Microporous Poly(aniline) Enabled Hierarchical Porous Carbons for Hg(II) Adsorption.

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