Insect sex pheromone production in yeasts and plants.

Mealybugs are highly aggressive to a diversity of plants. The waxy layer covering the outermost part of the integument is an important protective defense of these pests. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying wax biosynthesis in mealybugs remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed multi-omics data on wax biosynthesis by the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and found that a fatty acyl-CoA reductase (PsFAR) gene, which was highly expressed in the fat bodies of female mealybugs, contributed to wax biosynthesis by regulating the production of the dominant chemical components of wax, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). RNA interference (RNAi) against PsFAR by dsRNA microinjection and allowing mealybugs to feed on transgenic tobacco expressing target dsRNA resulted in a reduction of CHC contents in the waxy layer, and an increase in mealybug mortality under desiccation and deltamethrin treatments. In conclusion, PsFAR plays crucial roles in the wax biosynthesis of mealybugs, thereby contributing to their adaptation to water loss and insecticide stress. 

/pdf/fatty-acyl-coa-reductase-influences-wax-biosynthesis-in-the-28gcvhvz.pdf

Fatty acyl-CoA reductase influences wax biosynthesis in the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1563&context=ent_pubs

Functional identification of fatty acyl reductases in female pheromone gland and tarsi of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea.

Dendrolimus houi Lajonquiere is a phytophagous caterpillar infesting many economically important coniferous tree species in China, causing serious economic and ecological environment losses. Based on previous research, it has one generation per year in South China and East China in contrast to two generations per year in Yunnan province in southwestern China. The species is potentially resilient to climatic extremes in these regions with the eggs and 1st instar larvae surviving in the winter (5 °C), older instar larvae and pupae surviving high temperatures in the summer (35 °C), suggesting some temperature stress tolerance during different developmental stages. However, little is known in this species at the genetic and genomic level. In this study, we used high throughput sequencing to obtain transcriptome data from different developmental stages (eggs, 1st-3rd instar larvae, 4th-5th instar larvae, 6th-7th instar larvae, pupae, male and female adults), which were collected from Fujian province. In total, we obtained approximately 90 Gb of data, from which 33,720 unigenes were assembled and 17,797 unigenes were annotated. We furtherly analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DGEs) across all stages, the largest number between the eggs and 1st instar larvae stage and gene expression varied significantly in different developmental stages. Furthermore, 4138 SSR genes and 114,977 SNP loci were screened from transcriptome data. This paper will be a foundation for further study towards improved integrated pest management strategies for this species.

Characterization of Dendrolimus houi Lajonquiere (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Transcriptome across All Life Stages.

The first insect sex pheromone, bombykol (E10, Z12-hexadecadien-1ol) from the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori, was identified in 1959 and since then around 2000 species of moths have been investigated with regard to identification of their sex pheromone. The first moth sex pheromone biosynthetic pathway was described by Bjostad and Roelofs in 1983 and since then a number of biosynthetic pathways have been identified as modifications of fatty acid biosynthesis. The pathway in most moths uses a series of enzymes including desaturases, chain shortening enzymes, fatty acyl-CoA reductases, oxidases, and acetyltransferases. The genes encoding desaturases and reductases have been characterized providing a great deal of information not only about the specifics of pheromone biosynthesis but also the evolution of sex pheromones in Lepidoptera. Some moths also utilize hydrocarbons as sex pheromones and their production occurs in oenocyte cells and then subsequent transport to pheromone glands for release. Moth sex pheromones are usually produced following a circadian rhythm, being released from the pheromone gland during a certain time of the scotophose. The timing of biosynthesis and release indicates hormonal regulation and a neuropeptide termed pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) was identified in 1987 by the Raina lab. Since then research has shown that the peptide belongs to a large family of peptides conserved in insects. The G-protein coupled receptor for the neuropeptide has been identified as well as the signal transduction cascade in several species of moth pheromone glands. This chapter will provide an up to date review of pheromone biosynthesis and its hormonal regulation in moths.

Lepidoptera: Female sex pheromone biosynthesis and its hormonal regulation

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1565&context=ent_pubs

Transcriptional comparison between pheromone gland-ovipositor and tarsi in the corn earworm moth Helicoverpa zea.

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, is a world-wide pest of cotton and in some parts of the cotton growing region is controlled by the mating disruption technique using synthetic sex pheromone. The sex pheromone consists of two compounds, (Z,Z)- and (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetates, in about a 50:50 ratio. However, recently, a population with sex pheromone compound ratios of about 62:38 were found in cotton fields that use mating disruption in Israel. To investigate how the change developed, we compared the pheromone gland transcriptomes between a reference laboratory population and a population obtained from an Israeli cotton field utilizing mating disruption. We analyzed four biological replicates from each population and found transcripts encoding 17 desaturases, 8 reductases, and 17 candidate acetyltransferases in both populations, which could be involved in sex pheromone biosynthesis. The expression abundance of some genes between the two populations was different. Some desaturases and candidate acetyltransferases were found to have mutated in one of the populations. The differentially expressed genes play potential roles in sex pheromone biosynthesis and could be involved in causing altered female sex pheromone ratios in the field population.

/pdf/pheromone-gland-transcriptome-of-the-pink-bollworm-moth-4e45993zlo.pdf

Pheromone gland transcriptome of the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella: Comparison between a laboratory and field population.

Anautogenous mosquitoes must blood feed on a vertebrate host to produce eggs. Each gonadotrophic cycle is subdivided into a sugar‐feeding previtellogenic phase that produces primary follicles and a blood meal‐activated vitellogenic phase in which large numbers of eggs synchronously mature and are laid. Multiple endocrine factors including juvenile hormone (JH), insulin‐like peptides (ILPs), ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone (OEH), and 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) coordinate each gonadotrophic cycle. Egg formation also requires nutrients from feeding that are stored in the fat body. Regulation of egg formation is best understood in Aedes aegypti but the role different endocrine factors play in regulating nutrient mobilization and storage remains unclear. In this study, we report that adult female Ae. aegypti maintained triacylglycerol (TAG) stores during the previtellogenic phase of the first gonadotrophic cycle while glycogen stores declined. In contrast, TAG and glycogen stores were rapidly mobilized during the vitellogenic phase and then replenishment. Several genes encoding enzymes with functions in TAG and glycogen metabolism were differentially expressed in the fat body, which suggested regulation was mediated in part at the transcriptional level. Gain of function assays indicated that stored nutrients were primarily mobilized by adipokinetic hormone (AKH) while juvenoids and OEH regulated replenishment. ILP3 further showed evidence of negatively regulating certain lipolytic enzymes. Loss of function assays indicated AKH depends on the AKH receptor (AKHR) for function. Altogether, our results indicate that the opposing activities of different hormones regulate nutrient stores during a gonadotrophic cycle in Ae. aegypti.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1744-7917.13110

Multiple endocrine factors regulate nutrient mobilization and storage in Aedes aegypti during a gonadotrophic cycle

Terpenoids are economically and ecologically important compounds, and they are vital constituents in rose flower fragrance and rose essential oil. The terpene synthase genes (TPSs), trans-prenyltransferases genes (TPTs), NUDX1 are involved in middle and downstream pathway of volatile terpene biosynthesis in rose flowers. We identified 7 complete RcTPTs, 49 complete RcTPSs, and 9 RcNUDX1 genes in the genome of Rosa chinensis. During the flower opening process of butterfly rose (Rosa chinensis ‘Mutabilis’, MU), nine RcTPSs expressed in the petals of opening MU flowers exhibited two main expression trends, namely high and low, in old and fresh petals. Five short-chain petal-expressed RcTPTs showed expression patterns corresponding to RcTPSs. Analysis of differential volatile terpenes and differential expressed genes indicated that higher emission of geraniol from old MU petals might be related to the RcGPPS expression. Comprehensive analysis of volatile emission, sequence structure, micro-synteny and gene expression suggested that RcTPS18 may encode (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. These findings may be useful for elucidating the molecular mechanism of terpenoid metabolism in rose and are vital for future studies on terpene regulation.

/pdf/effect-of-developmental-stages-on-genes-involved-in-middle-2vi1mhfx.pdf

Effect of Developmental Stages on Genes Involved in Middle and Downstream Pathway of Volatile Terpene Biosynthesis in Rose Petals

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