The aim of this review was to analyze/investigate the synthesis, properties, and applications of polyvinyl alcohol-halloysite nanotubes (PVA-HNT), and their nanocomposites. Different polymers with versatile properties are attractive because of their introduction and potential uses in many fields. Synthetic polymers, such as PVA, natural polymers like alginate, starch, chitosan, or any material with these components have prominent status as important and degradable materials with biocompatibility properties. These materials have been developed in the 1980s and are remarkable because of their recyclability and consideration of the natural continuation of their physical and chemical properties. The fabrication of PVA-HNT nanocomposites can be a potential way to address some of PVA's limitations. Such nanocomposites have excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. PVA-HNT nanocomposites have been reported earlier, but without proper HNT individualization and PVA modifications. The properties of PVA-HNT for medicinal and biomedical use are attracting an increasing amount of attention for medical applications, such as wound dressings, drug delivery, targeted-tissue transportation systems, and soft biomaterial implants. The demand for alternative polymeric medical devices has also increased substantially around the world. This paper reviews individualized HNT addition along with crosslinking of PVA for various biomedical applications that have been previously reported in literature, thereby showing the attainability, modification of characteristics, and goals underlying the blending process with PVA.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/20/12/19884/pdf

Properties and Applications of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Halloysite Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites.

The rapid development of wearable smart devices has contributed to the enormous demands for smart flexible strain sensors. However, to date, the poor stretchability and sensitivity of conventional metals or inorganic semiconductor-based strain sensors have restricted their application in this field to some extent, and hence many efforts have been devoted to find suitable candidates to overcome these limitations. Recently, novel resistive-type electrically conductive polymer composites (ECPCs)-based strain sensors have attracted attention based on their merits of light weight, flexibility, stretchability, and easy processing, thus showing great potential applications in the fields of human movement detection, artificial muscles, human–machine interfaces, soft robotic skin, etc. For ECPCs-based strain sensors, the conductive filler type and the phase morphology design have important influences on the sensing property. Meanwhile, to achieve a successful application toward wearable devices, several imperative features, including a self-healing capability, superhydrophobicity, and good light transmission, need to be considered. The aim of the present review is to critically review the progress of ECPCs-based strain sensors and to foresee their future development.

Electrically conductive polymer composites for smart flexible strain sensors: a critical review

Electrospun polymer biomaterials

Flexible electrically resistive-type strain sensors based on reduced graphene oxide-decorated electrospun polymer fibrous mats for human motion monitoring

Highly conductive and stretchable yarns have attracted increasing attention due to their potential applications in wearable electronics. The integration of conductive yarns with large stretching capability renders the composite yarns with new intriguing functions, such as monitoring human body motion and health. However, simultaneously endowing the yarns with high conductivity and stretchability using an easily scalable approach is still a challenge. Here, highly conductive and stretchable yarns based on electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber yarns successively decorated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were prepared by a combined electrospinning, ultrasonication adsorbing, and bobbin winder technique. The improved thermal stability of the SWNT/MWNT/TPU yarn (SMTY) indicated strong interfacial interactions between the CNTs and electrospun TPU fibers. The synergism between the successively decorated SWNTs and MWNTs significantly enhanced the conductivity of the TPU yarns (up to 13 S cm−1). The as-fabricated yarns can be easily integrated into strain sensors and exhibit high stretchability with large workable strain range (100%) and good cyclic stability (2000 cycles). Moreover, such yarn can be attached to the human body or knitted into textiles to monitor joint motion, showing promising potential for wearable electronics, such as wearable strain sensors.

Continuously prepared highly conductive and stretchable SWNT/MWNT synergistically composited electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane yarns for wearable sensing

Electrospun polyamide (PA) 66 nanofiber bundles with high conductivity, improved strength, and robust flexibility were successfully manufactured through simply adsorbing multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on the surface of electrospun PA66 nanofibers. The highest electrical conductivity (0.2 S/cm) and tensile strength (103.3 MPa) were achieved for the bundles immersed in the suspension with 0.05 wt % MWNTs, indicating the formation of conductive network from adsorbed MWNTs on the surface of PA66 nanofibers. The decrease of porosity for the bundles immersed in the MWNT dispersion and the formation of hydrogen bond between PA66 nanofibers and MWNTs suggest a superb interfacial interaction, which is responsible for the excellent mechanical properties of the nanocomposite bundles. Furthermore, the resistance fluctuation under bending is less than 3.6%, indicating a high flexibility of the nanocomposite bundles. The resistance of the nanocomposite bundle had a better linear dependence on the temperature applied between 30 and 150 °C. More importantly, such highest working temperature of 150 °C far exceeded that of other polymer-based temperature sensors previously reported. This suggests that such prepared MWNTs-adsorbed electrospun PA66 nanofiber bundles have great potentials in high temperature detectors.

Carbon Nanotubes-Adsorbed Electrospun PA66 Nanofiber Bundles with Improved Conductivity and Robust Flexibility.

Surface Microstructural Engineering of Continuous Fibers as One-dimensional Multifunctional Fiber Materials for Wearable Electronic Applications

Electrospun polyamide PA 66 nanofiber bundles were mechanically strengthened via compositing with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The highest tensile strength (126.4 MPa) was achieved for the bundles immersed in the solution with 5.0 wt% PVA, indicating sufficient PVA filling between nanofibers after drying the impregnated nanofiber bundles. The disappearance of voids for the bundles immersed in the PVA solution indicated a superb interface adhesion, which was responsible for the excellent mechanical properties of the composite bundles. Furthermore, the step-cycle and stress relaxation tests were carried out to shed light on the deformation evolution and the viscous stress of the bundles. The results further demonstrated the excellent mechanical properties of the composite bundles.

Mechanically Strengthened Polyamide 66 Nanofibers Bundles via Compositing With Polyvinyl Alcohol

Cds@Ni3s2/Cu2s Electrode for Electrocatalytic and Boosted Photo-Assisted Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production

The invention discloses a minitype resistance humidity sensor and its preparation method. The sensor comprises a composite fiber beam and conductive circuits fixedly connected to both ends of the fiber beam, wherein the composite fiber beam consists of a PA66 nanofiber beam, a carbon nanotube and polyving akohol; the composite fiber beam is 30-120 mu m in diameter and 0.3-3 cm in length. The PA66 nano fiber beam is prepared by an electrostatic spinning technique, and then performed with ultrasound treatment in dispersing fluid of the carbon nanotube to prepare PA66/CNTs composite fiber beam; finally, both ends of the composite fiber beam are connected with the conductive circuits and immersed in the water solution of polyving akohol; after immersion, the composite fiber beam is frozen and unfrozen or heated and dried, thus the minitype resistance humidity sensor is obtained. The sensor overcomes problems generally existed in the existing humidity sensor, and has advantages of low cost, low power consumption, fast response speed and others; the sensor applies a flexible base and its structure is miniaturized; the minitype resistance humidity sensor can be widely applied to every domain.

Minitype resistance humidity sensor and its preparation method

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