Strain-based non-intrusive approaches for measuring the pressure of pipes have attracted widespread attention due to their great convenience and ability to avoid destroying the integrity of structures. However, the mentioned method usually measures the dynamic pressure based only on the static strain–pressure sensitivity coefficients (SSSCs) instead of the dynamic strain–pressure sensitivity coefficients (DSSCs) due to its complicated calibration, which will inevitably affect the accuracy significantly. To address this issue, a model-driven scheme with dual stages is proposed in the present study to compensate the dynamic pressure measurement. The DSSCs are analytically derived for the first time from the axial governing equations of the pipe, considering the general boundary conditions for the thin-walled and thick-walled pipes simultaneously. In the first stage, the physical parameters involved in the DSSCs are calibrated by minimizing the residual of the experimental results and the theoretical counterparts. In the second stage, the DSSCs calculated from the calibrated analytical model are utilized to compensate the dynamic pressure based on the relationship between the DSSCs and the SSSCs. The proposed method is applied to an industrial hydraulic pipe system, and the experimental results show that the relative error is reduced greatly after the compensation is implemented, demonstrating the validity of the proposed compensation method.

A Model-Driven Scheme to Compensate the Strain-Based Non-Intrusive Dynamic Pressure Measurement for Hydraulic Pipe

Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) pressure sensors show a great potential in replacing conventional electrical pressure sensors due to their numerous advantages. However, increasing their pressure sensitivity performance for low hydrostatic pressure measurement is still a challenge. This paper reviewed recent pressure sensitivity enhancement methods that could be divided into two groups, namely intrinsic and extrinsic. For the intrinsic enhancement method, this paper reviewed polymer FBGs, special fibre sensors, interferometric sensors, and special grating sensors. For the extrinsic enhancement method, polymer-based pressure transducers, diaphragm-based pressure transducers, and other structure-based pressure transducers were reviewed in detail.

Review of high sensitivity fibre-optic pressure sensors for low pressure sensing

This paper proposes a fiber optic liquid level sensor system based on a silica fiber Bragg grating embedded into an epoxy resin diaphragm coupled to a temperature reference sensor, used to compensate the temperature cross-sensitivity for improving the liquid level measurement accuracy. The proposed system was tested in an industrial water tank with heating and recirculation. The results demonstrated a temperature cross-sensitivity reduction, enhancing the liquid level measurement thermal stability by a factor of nine, when compared with some single head sensor configurations reported in literature. Our system presents high linearity ( $R>0.999$ ), superior sensitivity (2.8 pm/mm), and much lower temperature related error (1.04 mm/°C), when compared with the other diaphragm-based sensors recently reported in the literature.

Liquid Level Measurement Based on FBG-Embedded Diaphragms With Temperature Compensation

In this article, we thoroughly discuss many aspects of diaphragm-embedded optical fiber sensors covering industrial, robotics and medical applications: from the modeling to field applications, which also include sensor fabrication (such as interferometers, grating-based sensors, intensity variation sensors) in standard and specialty optical fibers, diaphragm and optical fiber materials thermal and mechanical characterizations. The operation limits of the sensors, interrogation techniques and the measurement possibilities that such sensors provide are also discussed. We expect that this review and tutorial provide valuable information regarding the optical fiber sensor approach, material selection and sensor assembly for the development of diaphragm-embedded optical fiber sensors.

Diaphragm-Embedded Optical Fiber Sensors: A Review and Tutorial

A fiber bragg grating pressure sensor with temperature compensation based on diaphragm-cantilever structure

A diaphragm-type fiber Bragg grating pressure sensor with temperature compensation

High performance ZnO quantum dot (QD)/ magnetron sputtered ZnO homojunction ultraviolet photodetectors

In this paper, a variety of 2D materials on the surface plasmon resonance sensor based on Al–Ni bimetallic layer are compared. Simulation results indicate that lateral position shift, which is calculated according to the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of material, can be used as an effective parameter to optimize the sensitivity. By using the parameters for optimizing the SPR structures, the results show that the multiple layer models of Al(40 nm)–Ni(22 nm)–black phosphorus (BP)(1 L) and Al(40 nm)–Ni(22 nm)–blue phosphorus (BlueP)/WS2(1 L) exhibit average angular sensitivities of 507.0 °/RIU and 466 °/RIU in the refractive index range of 1.330–1.335, and maximum sensitivity of 542 °/RIU and 489 °/RIU at the refractive index of 1.333, respectively. We expect more applications can be explored based on the highly sensitive SPR sensor in different fields of optical sensing.

/pdf/sensitivity-enhancement-of-2d-material-based-surface-plasmon-17bzie11.pdf

Sensitivity Enhancement of 2D Material-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with an Al–Ni Bimetallic Structure

A metal packed fiber Bragg gratings accelerometer has been proposed. Copper was adopted to cover the surface of
optical fiber by magnetron sputtering and electroplating technology, and then tin soldering was used to fix the metalized
fiber on mass and foundation. Because of copper coating and soldering, the elastic coefficient and ductility of FBGs have
been increased, and the problems of aging and creep arising from polymer or adhesive packaged have been avoided.
Experiment result demonstrated that the accelerometer possess of a resonant frequency of 2800Hz, a wide linear
measurement range from 0.5g to 5.3g and a sensitivity of 84mv/g.

Metal packaged fiber Bragg grating accelerometer

A dual-diaphragm based acoustic sensing system has been proposed to increase the dynamic range by using a thin diaphragm (70 nm) of gold diaphragm to decrease minimum detectable acoustic pressure and a thick one (300 nm) to increase maximum detectable acoustic pressure. Signals from the two diaphragms are synchronously demodulated using frequency division multiplexing (FDM) combined with an in-phase/quadrature (IQ) and a phase generated carrier (PGC) phase demodulation. Signal crosstalk from the two diaphragms is avoided by adding a carrier modulation frequency shift to one of them. The underwater sensing performance of the system is tested under the acoustic signals ranging from 100 to 1500 Hz. Experimental results demonstrate that the average dynamic range reaches 98.4 dB in 300 ~ 1500 Hz, which is obviously improved comparing to the sensor barely using a 70 nm diaphragm (81.2 dB) or a 300 nm one (74.2 dB). In addition, the sensor performs high and flat sensitivity under low acoustic pressure (less than 110 Pa) with an average phase sensitivity of −164.2±2.6 dB re 1 rad/ $\mu $ Pa. Due to the characteristic of large dynamic range and compact size, the proposed sensing system is believed to have potential application prospects in acoustic detection area.

Large Dynamic Range in Acoustic Detection Realized by a Dual-Diaphragm Based Sensing System With IQ-PGC Phase Demodulation

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