Mitochondria participate in crucial cellular processes such as energy harvesting and intermediate metabolism. Although mitochondria possess their own genome--a vestige of their bacterial origins and endosymbiotic evolution--most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus. The expression of the mitochondrial proteome hence requires tight coordination between the two genomes to adapt mitochondrial function to the ever-changing cellular milieu. In this Review, we focus on the pathways that coordinate the communication between mitochondria and the nucleus during homeostasis and mitochondrial stress. These pathways include nucleus-to-mitochondria (anterograde) and mitochondria-to-nucleus (retrograde) communication, mitonuclear feedback signalling and proteostasis regulation, the integrated stress response and non-cell-autonomous communication. We discuss how mitonuclear communication safeguards cellular and organismal fitness and regulates lifespan.

Mitonuclear communication in homeostasis and stress

Human UBIAD1 localizes to mitochondria and converts vitamin K(1) to vitamin K(2). Vitamin K(2) is best known as a cofactor in blood coagulation, but in bacteria it is a membrane-bound electron carrier. Whether vitamin K(2) exerts a similar carrier function in eukaryotic cells is unknown. We identified Drosophila UBIAD1/Heix as a modifier of pink1, a gene mutated in Parkinson's disease that affects mitochondrial function. We found that vitamin K(2) was necessary and sufficient to transfer electrons in Drosophila mitochondria. Heix mutants showed severe mitochondrial defects that were rescued by vitamin K(2), and, similar to ubiquinone, vitamin K(2) transferred electrons in Drosophila mitochondria, resulting in more efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction was rescued by vitamin K(2) that serves as a mitochondrial electron carrier, helping to maintain normal ATP production.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/336/6086/1306.full.pdf

Vitamin K2 Is a Mitochondrial Electron Carrier That Rescues Pink1 Deficiency

Propagation of the chromatin landscape across cell divisions is central to epigenetic cell memory. Mechanistic analysis of the interplay between DNA replication, the cell cycle, and the epigenome has provided insights into replication-coupled chromatin assembly and post-replicative chromatin maintenance. These breakthroughs are critical for defining how proliferation impacts the epigenome during cell identity changes in development and disease. Here we review these findings in the broader context of epigenetic inheritance across mitotic cell division.

Chromatin replication and epigenetic cell memory.

Efficient and Specific Modifications of the Drosophila Genome by Means of an Easy TALEN Strategy

https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1417548/1/1-s2.0-S0304416513004819-main.pdf

Mitochondrial quality control and communications with the nucleus are important in maintaining mitochondrial function and cell health.

CAF-1 is essential for Drosophila development and involved in the maintenance of epigenetic memory

Drosophila sbo regulates lifespan through its function in the synthesis of coenzyme Q in vivo

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CAF-1 is essential for Drosophila development and involved in the maintenance of epigenetic memory

Drosophila sbo regulates lifespan through its function in the synthesis of coenzyme Q in vivo