Bone tissue is the structural component of the body, which allows locomotion, protects vital internal organs, and provides the maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Several bone-related pathologies generate critical-size bone defects that our organism is not able to heal spontaneously and require a therapeutic action. Conventional therapies span from pharmacological to interventional methodologies, all of them characterized by several drawbacks. To circumvent these effects, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are innovative and promising approaches that exploit the capability of bone progenitors, especially mesenchymal stem cells, to differentiate into functional bone cells. So far, several materials have been tested in order to guarantee the specific requirements for bone tissue regeneration, ranging from the material biocompatibility to the ideal 3D bone-like architectural structure. In this review, we analyse the state-of-the-art of the most widespread polymeric scaffold materials and their application in in vitro and in vivo models, in order to evaluate their usability in the field of bone tissue engineering. Here, we will present several adopted strategies in scaffold production, from the different combination of materials, to chemical factor inclusion, embedding of cells, and manufacturing technology improvement.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/4/905/pdf

Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Bone Scaffolds Optimization.

Bone is a unique tissue that is capable of repairing itself after damage. However, there are certain instances of fractures and defects that require clinical intervention for proper alignment and healing. As with any implant, careful consideration of the material used to create the implants to treat these problems is needed. If the incorrect material is chosen, the implants themselves can lead to bone fractures or defects, or bone healing may not take place at all. All three classes of biomaterials–metals, ceramics, and polymers–have been used in the treatment of both bone fractures and bone defects, and each has its own unique benefits and limitations for its applications. Furthermore, composites of these different materials have also been created to try to take advantage of all the different benefits offered by each different material. This review highlights different materials that have been used for the development of internal fixators and bone graft substitutes to treat fracture and bone defects as well as their limitations and needed future research.

Orthopedic implants and devices for bone fractures and defects: Past, present and perspective

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural polymer, produced endogenously by the human body, which has unique physicochemical and biological properties, exhibiting desirable biocompatibility and biodegradability. Therefore, it has been widely studied for possible applications in the area of inflammatory diseases. Although exogenous HA has been described as unable to restore or replace the properties and activities of endogenous HA, it can still provide satisfactory pain relief. This review aims to discuss the advances that have been achieved in the treatment of inflammatory diseases using hyaluronic acid as a key ingredient, essentially focusing on studies carried out between the years 2017 and 2021.

Hyaluronic Acid: A Key Ingredient in the Therapy of Inflammation.

The goal of a biomaterial is to support the bone tissue regeneration process at the defect site and eventually degrade in situ and get replaced with the newly generated bone tissue. Biomaterials that enhance bone regeneration have a wealth of potential clinical applications from the treatment of non-union fractures to spinal fusion. The use of bone regenerative biomaterials from bioceramics and polymeric components to support bone cell and tissue growth is a longstanding area of interest. Recently, various forms of bone repair materials such as hydrogel, nanofiber scaffolds, and 3D printing composite scaffolds are emerging. Current challenges include the engineering of biomaterials that can match both the mechanical and biological context of bone tissue matrix and support the vascularization of large tissue constructs. Biomaterials with new levels of biofunctionality that attempt to recreate nanoscale topographical, biofactor, and gene delivery cues from the extracellular environment are emerging as interesting candidate bone regenerative biomaterials. This review has been sculptured around a case-by-case basis of current research that is being undertaken in the field of bone regeneration engineering. We will highlight the current progress in the development of physicochemical properties and applications of bone defect repair materials and their perspectives in bone regeneration.

/pdf/recent-trends-in-the-development-of-bone-regenerative-35btxtem06.pdf

Recent Trends in the Development of Bone Regenerative Biomaterials.

Chitosan/Hyaluronic acid/Alginate and an assorted polymers loaded with honey, plant, and marine compounds for progressive wound healing-Know-how.

The application of hyaluronic acid in bone regeneration

Preparation and Characterization of CaO/ZnO Core-shell Structured Nanoparticles

Clinical and histopathological characterization of root resorption in replanted teeth: Two case reports

Clinical and imaging features of phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors.

Abstract Rationale: The frequency of tooth avulsion is on the rise due to increasing rates of maxillofacial trauma. Avulsed teeth present with varying degrees of root resorption, and are generally asymptomatic; therefore, they often go undiagnosed. The etiopathogenesis of root resorption in replanted teeth following avulsion remains unclear. Patient concerns: In case 1, the left upper lateral incisor became loose after 10 years of replantation. In case 2, the patient underwent tooth replantation after external root canal treatment due to tooth dislocation caused by trauma 8 years ago. Diagnosis: According to the medical history, clinical manifestations and imaging studies of the 2 patients, root resorption after replantation was diagnosed. Interventions: The teeth extraction was given to one patient. Besides the histological examination of extracted teeth was performed. Outcomes: Teeth that underwent pulp treatment presented with external resorption. On the other hand, the tooth that had received no pulp treatment showed both external and internal resorption; residual vital pulp tissue was detected within the pulp cavity. Lessons: The dental pulp tissues may be involved in the initiation or development of internal resorption. Trauma to the periodontal ligament might play a major role in external resorption, whereas internal tooth resorption may be caused as a result of injury to the residual pulp tissue. Thus, the effective management of these tissues during the treatment of replanted teeth is essential.

Clinical and histopathological characterization of root resorption in replanted teeth: Two case reports.

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