The introduction of point-of-care testing (POCT) has revolutionized medical testing by allowing for simple tests to be conducted near the patient’s care point, rather than being confined to a medical laboratory. This has been especially beneficial for developing countries with limited infrastructure, where testing often involves sending specimens off-site and waiting for hours or days for results. However, the development of POCT devices has been challenging, with simplicity, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness being key factors in making these tests feasible. Nanotechnology has played a crucial role in achieving this goal, by not only making the tests possible but also masking their complexity. In this article, recent developments in POCT devices that benefit from nanotechnology are discussed. Microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies are highlighted as major drivers of point-of-care testing, particularly in infectious disease diagnosis. These technologies enable various bioassays to be used at the point of care. The article also addresses the challenges faced by these technological advances and interesting future trends. The benefits of point-of-care testing are significant, especially in developing countries where medical care is shifting towards prevention, early detection, and managing chronic conditions. Infectious disease tests at the point of care in low-income countries can lead to prompt treatment, preventing infections from spreading.

/pdf/nanotechnology-based-diagnostics-for-diseases-prevalent-in-3duevu6i.pdf

Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics for Diseases Prevalent in Developing Countries: Current Advances in Point-of-Care Tests

Microfluidic devices have evolved into low-cost, simple, and powerful analytical tool platforms. Herein, an electrochemically-based microfluidic nanobiosensor array for monoplex and multiplex detection of physiologically relevant analytes is reviewed. Unlike other analyte detection methods, microfluidics-based embedded electrochemical nanobiosensors are portable, custom electrochemical readers for signal reading. Microfluidic devices and electrochemical sensors can be integrated into monoplex or multiplex systems. The integrated system is simple to use and sensitive, and so has great potential as a powerful tool for profiling immune-mediated treatment responses in real time. It may also be developed further as a point-of-care diagnostic device for conducting near-patient tests using biological samples. Therefore, using mutiplex analysis, a biosensor array may detect multiple analytes in a sample solution and provide different outputs for each analyte. A microfluidic electrochemical nanobiosensor, for example, can detect urine glucose, lactate, and uric acid. The microfluidic array of integrated nanobiosensors and electrochemical sensors enables fast and cost-effective selection of high-quality and statistically significant diagnostic data at the point of care. The multiplex analytical test is an important molecular tool for academic research as well as clinical diagnosis. Although key approaches for analysing numerous analytes have been developed, none of them are suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, especially in situations with limited resources. In this study, monoplex and multiplex microfluidic assays for rapid measurement of single and multiple analytes at the point of care are presented. Since this test can analyse both single and multiple analytes, it is exceptionally specific, easy to use, and inexpensive. The ability of integrated electrochemical-based microfluidic devices with single channel and multiple channels systems to perform monoplex and multiplex analysis simultaneously and independently is the novelty of this review. 

Integration of microfluidic channel on electrochemical-based nanobiosensors for monoplex and multiplex analyses: An overview

Droplet-based microfluidics offer great opportunities for applications in various fields, such as diagnostics, food sciences, and drug discovery. A droplet provides an isolated environment for performing a single reaction within a microscale-volume sample, allowing for a fast reaction with a high sensitivity, high throughput, and low risk of cross-contamination. Owing to several remarkable features, droplet-based microfluidic techniques have been intensively studied. In this review, we discuss the impact of droplet microfluidics, particularly focusing on drug screening and development. In addition, we surveyed various methods of device fabrication and droplet generation/manipulation. We further highlight some promising studies covering drug synthesis and delivery that were updated within the last 5 years. This review provides researchers with a quick guide that includes the most up-to-date and relevant information on the latest scientific findings on the development of droplet-based microfluidics in the pharmaceutical field.

/pdf/droplet-based-microfluidics-applications-in-pharmaceuticals-22uu83xi.pdf

Droplet-Based Microfluidics: Applications in Pharmaceuticals

Adrenergic receptor agonists are a class of adrenergic transmitters analogues that can bind and stimulate adrenergic receptors, which always have been illegally used in the animal husbandry since they can promote growth, reduce fat deposition, and improve lean meat rate. Thus, detecting these agonist residues is of great significance to ensure food safety and human health. Here, we proposed a comprehensive and critical review, firstly introducing the typical adrenergic receptor agonists that occurred in animal-derived foods. Then we summarized and discussed the recent residues detection methods including immunoassays, receptor-based assays, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and electrochemical methods. We highlighted the immunoassays due to their merits of simple operation, low cost, and high sensitivity for screening purpose. Lastly, we prospected the future development of adrenergic receptor agonist residues detection method. 

Current progress in the detection of adrenergic receptor agonist residues in animal-derived foods

Cells are the most basic structural and functional units of living organisms. Studies of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell-cell interactions can help scientists understand the mysteries of living systems. However, there is considerable heterogeneity among cells. Great differences between individuals can be found even within the same cell cluster. Cell heterogeneity can only be clearly expressed and distinguished at the level of single cells. The development of droplet microfluidics technology opens up a new chapter for single-cell analysis. Microfluidic chips can produce many nanoscale monodisperse droplets, which can be used as small isolated micro-laboratories for various high-throughput, precise single-cell analyses. Moreover, gel droplets with good biocompatibility can be used in single-cell cultures and coupled with biomolecules for various downstream analyses of cellular metabolites. The droplets are also maneuverable; through physical and chemical forces, droplets can be divided, fused, and sorted to realize single-cell screening and other related studies. This review describes the channel design, droplet generation, and control technology of droplet microfluidics and gives a detailed overview of the application of droplet microfluidics in single-cell culture, single-cell screening, single-cell detection, and other aspects. Moreover, we provide a recent review of the application of droplet microfluidics in tumor single-cell immunoassays, describe in detail the advantages of microfluidics in tumor research, and predict the development of droplet microfluidics at the single-cell level.

/pdf/droplets-microfluidics-platform-a-tool-for-single-cell-n1e4d82s.pdf

Droplets microfluidics platform—A tool for single cell research

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/10/870/pdf?version=1665668006

Application of Microfluidics in Drug Development from Traditional Medicine

Droplet microarray platforms for high-throughput drug screening

With the global penetration of skin care awareness and upgrading of personal care awareness, the use rate of cosmetics and personal skin care products has been increasing worldwide. It is particularly important to monitor the quality and safety of skin cosmetics. In accordance with the requirements of the 7th Amendment of the European Cosmetics Directive 1223/2009, in vitro test methods have been developed to replace animal experiments, such as the 2D test, 3D test, microfluidic skin chip test, etc. The microfluidic skin chip overcomes the shortcomings of the 2D test and the 3D test that lack the complexity of human skin through fine control of the human skin microenvironment and induction of relevant mechanical stimulation. High similarity to real human skin through simulation of the vascular system and immune response. Therefore, the microfluidic skin chip is considered as a valuable and effective tool for the in vitro screening of cosmetics. In this paper, we reviewed the detection methods and technologies of common chemical substances, toxic elements, active substances and adverse reactions in vitro in quality monitoring of cosmetics. The most advantageous microfluidic skin chip technology is also introduced. The material and technology progress of skin chips used in cosmetic screening is reviewed and discussed. Then the application of microfluidic design in cosmetic screening in vitro is summarized.

Advancements in microfluidics for skin cosmetic screening.

/pdf/paper-based-fluidic-sensing-platforms-for-b-adrenergic-12ocryd5.pdf

Paper-Based Fluidic Sensing Platforms for β-Adrenergic Agonist Residue Point-of-Care Testing

In the current study, an anticancer nanofibrous membrane was developed for treating endometrial carcinoma. Drug delivery system was produced by incorporation of curcumin into the matrix of electrospun collagen/polycaprolacton scaffolds. Various in vitro experiments were used
 for characterization of the scaffolds. The produced yarns reduced the viability and migration activity of HEC-1A cells and release the loaded drug in a sustained manner. Furthermore, gene expression studies showed that the anticancer function of the developed delivery system may have been
 mediated via ERK/c-JUNE signalling pathway. This in vitro experiment suggests potential application of these scaffolds for treating endometrial carcinoma in animal models.

Curcumin-Loaded Nanofibrous Membranes for Treating Endometrial Carcinoma

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