Abstract Fiber materials are highly desirable for wearable electronics that are expected to be flexible and stretchable. Compared with rigid and planar electronic devices, fiber-based wearable electronics provide significant advantages in terms of flexibility, stretchability and breathability, and they are considered as the pioneers in the new generation of soft wearables. The convergence of textile science, electronic engineering and nanotechnology has made it feasible to build electronic functions on fibers and maintain them during wear. Over the last few years, fiber-shaped wearable electronics with desired designability and integration features have been intensively explored and developed. As an indispensable part and cornerstone of flexible wearable devices, fibers are of great significance. Herein, the research progress of advanced fiber materials is reviewed, which mainly includes various material preparations, fabrication technologies and representative studies on different wearable applications. Finally, key challenges and future directions of fiber materials and wearable electronics are examined along with an analysis of possible solutions. Graphical abstract 

/pdf/advanced-fiber-materials-for-wearable-electronics-1mbyrclu.pdf

Advanced Fiber Materials for Wearable Electronics

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) may have applications in macroscale energy storage on account of their advantages of high‐safety, cost‐effectiveness, and ecofriendliness. As a promising application, flexible quasi‐solid‐state AZIBs (FQAZIBs) can withstand mechanical deformation, and can act as favorable power supply devices for wearable electronics. As FQAZIBs are one of the most exciting and rapidly ongoing topics among aqueous batteries, it is critical yet timely to summarize the latest development in this field, providing the much‐needed guidance for the fabrication of FQAZIBs. In this review, the recent progress and rational design strategies for FQAZIBs from mechanisms, design principles, and applications are systematically presented. First, the energy storage and flexible mechanisms of FQAZIBs are illuminated in detail. Subsequently, the design philosophies of FQAZIBs are also systematically elucidated. Moreover, the latest progress and practical applications of FQAZIBs in wearable electronics are reviewed in detail according to various functions such as compressibility, stretchability, electrochromic ability, anti‐freezing ability, self‐healing ability, self‐charging properties, photodetecting function, shape memory, biodegradability, and actuated function. Finally, some applications and promising prospects in the research area of FQAZIBs are demonstrated to supply guidelines on the exploitation of their practical applications.

Flexible Quasi‐Solid‐State Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries: Design Principles, Functionalization Strategies, and Applications

Recent Progress of the Active Materials with Various Micro-structures for Flexible Textile-Based Supercapacitors

Liquid Metal Fibers

Flexibility and multifunctionality are now becoming inevitable worldwide tendencies for electronic devices to meet modern life's convenience, efficiency, and quality demand. To that end, developing flexible and wearable energy storage devices is a must. Recently, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) and zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs) stand out as two of the most potent candidates for wearable electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performance, intrinsic safety, low cost, and functional controllability. Simultaneously, polymer electrolytes' introduction and rational design, especially various hydrogels, have endowed conventional ZIBs and ZICs with colorful functions, which has been regarded as a perfect answer for energy suppliers integrated into those advanced wearable electronic devices. This review focuses on the functional hydrogel electrolytes (HEs) and their application for ZIBs and ZICs. Previously reported HEs for ZIBs and ZICs were classified and analyzed, from the flexibility to mechanical endurance, temperature adaptability, electrochemical stability, and finally cell-level ZIBs and ZICs based on multifunctional HEs. Besides introducing the diverse and exciting functions of HEs, working principles were also analyzed. Ultimately, all the details of these examples were summarized, and the related challenges, constructive solutions, and futural prospects of functional ZIBs and ZICs were also dedicatedly evaluated. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/eem2.12464

Polymer hydrogel electrolytes for flexible and multifunctional zinc‐ion batteries and capacitors

Flexible fiber-based Zn-ion batteries represent an ideal power platform for smart wearable energy textiles featuring safety, flexibility, and unique integration. However, the inevitably low elongation limits (<400%) of common fiber-based Zn-ion batteries may restrict applications in highly deformable wearable materials and lead to unstable energy storage performance during practical activities. Herein, an elastic graphene/polyaniline-Zn@silver fiber-based battery (eG/P-Zn@SFB) with a helical structure inspired by the biological structure of luffa tendril is reported. eG/P-Zn@SFB exhibits ultrastretching properties and can be stretched to 900% with a 71% capacity retention ratio. Moreover, the prefabricated battery delivers a high specific capacity of 32.56 mAh/cm3 at 10 mA/cm3 and an energy density of 36.04 mWh/cm3. As a proof of concept, the knitted integrated eG/P-Zn@SFB served as an effective power supply with different bending angles ranging from 0° to 180°, demonstrating potential applications and promising prospects in stretchable flexible electronics and wearable energy textiles.

Tendril-Inspired 900% Ultrastretching Fiber-Based Zn-Ion Batteries for Wearable Energy Textiles.

All-textile sensors for boxing punch force and velocity detection

Underwater sensing and warming E-textiles with reversible liquid metal electronics

Rescue rope plays an indispensable role in the emergency rescue. And with the continuous development of modern society, rescue rope has been gradually developed from only with the single mechanical function to the multi‐functional rescue rope. However, the lack of smart active warning for dangers usually leads to injury or even death at complex especially some extreme environment. Herein, a smart self‐powered rope is developed by integrating fiber‐based Zn battery unit and traditional rope unit based on the mature braiding technology, which performs desirable electrochemical performance (specific capacity of 31.1 mAh cm−3 and stable cycling stability of 81.95% after 1000 cycles). Moreover, the floatable self‐powered rope and thermoduric self‐powered rope are demonstrated in extreme environment to indicate their potential application for practical water/fire rescue. Therefore, smart active response is successfully realized with the integration toward fiber‐based Zn battery and rescue rope, which largely shorten the rescue time to protect the safety and health of the human body. This study provides an effective strategy of the construction of smart rope used in emergency rescue.

A Smart Self‐Powered Rope for Water/Fire Rescue

The flexible and wearable capacitive sensors have captured tremendous interest due to their enormous potential for healthcare monitoring, soft robotics, and human−computer interface. However, despite recent progress, there are still pressing challenges to develop a fully integrated textile sensor array with good comfort, high sensitivity, multisensing capabilities, and ultra-light detection. Here, we demonstrate a pressure and non-contact bimodal fabric-only capacitive sensor with highly sensitive and ultralight detection. The graphene nanoplatelets-decorated multidimensional honeycomb fabric and nickel-plated woven fabric serve as the dielectric layer and electrode, respectively. Our textile-only capacitive bimodal sensor exhibits an excellent pressure-sensing sensitivity of 0.38 kPa−1, an ultralow detection limit (1.23 Pa), and cycling stability. Moreover, the sensor exhibits superior non-contact detection performance with a detection distance of 15 cm and a maximum relative capacitance change of 10%. The sensor can successfully detect human motion, such as finger bending, saliva swallowing, etc. Furthermore, a 4 × 4 (16 units) textile-only capacitive bimodal sensor array was prepared and has excellent spatial resolution and response performance, showing great potential for the wearable applications.

/pdf/all-fabric-based-flexible-capacitive-sensors-with-pressure-1poqse1p.pdf

All-Fabric-Based Flexible Capacitive Sensors with Pressure Detection and Non-Contact Instruction Capability

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