• Erosion rate of black soil in Northeast China decreases gradually from west to east. • The erosion rate over the black soil region is 2.22 mm/a on average. • Wind erosion is dominant in the western black soil region. • Water erosion is dominant in the eastern black soil region. • We suggest planting herbs in the west and afforestation in the east to reduce erosion. Northeast China is one of the three largest black soil regions on Earth; however, although the black soil of the region is undergoing severe erosion, the dominant erosional agent (wind or water) remains unclear. We studied 12 black soil profiles and used 137 Cs analysis to estimate erosion rates. The results, combined with previously published data, show a gradual decrease in erosion rate from west (>3 mm/a) to east (0–3 mm/a) across the black soil region. Correlation of the erosion rates and climatic parameters suggests that wind erosion dominates in the west and water erosion dominates in the east. Using the mean erosion rate (2.22 mm/a) as a reference, the black soil will be completely eroded in ∼113 years. Given the agricultural importance of the black soil region, we suggest that tillage should be reduced throughout the region, and that to control ongoing erosion, revegetation should be conducted by planting herbs in the west and afforestation in the east. 

Rates and causes of black soil erosion in Northeast China

Human adaptations during MIS 2: Evidence from microblade industries of Northeast China

Abundance and δ13C of sedimentary black carbon indicate rising wildfire and C4 plants in Northeast China during the early Holocene

A 40,000 year record of vegetation, environment and climate change from Chongqing, Central China

Inconsistent patterns of Holocene rainfall changes at the East Asian monsoon margin compared to the core monsoon region

Since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the global climate has experienced several stages, such as cold and warming events, which provide an ideal model for evaluating climate change in the future. Based on the pollen records in Northeast (NE) China, the vegetation pattern during special periods since the LGM was reconstructed in this work. During the LGM (approximately 18,000 cal yr BP), the steppes expanded rapidly in NE China, and a cold-dry meadow-steppe developed on the Songnen Plain. The Liaohe Plain and the Hulun Buir Plateau were occupied by a steppe-desert, with forest-steppe vegetation grown in the central and southern plains; there were cold-dry coniferous forests and mixed conifer-broadleaf forests in mountainous areas. In the early Holocene (10,000–9,000 cal yr BP), Changbai mountain (CBM) forests thrived in the eastern hilly area and the Sanjiang Plain, while the central region was dominated by steppes, and warm-temperate broadleaf forests developed northward. During the Holocene warm period (approximately 6,000 cal yr BP), CBM forests and cold-temperate coniferous forests developed in the north, while spruce-fir forests developed in the eastern Xiao Hinggan Mountains and the Sanjiang Plain. The distribution centre of deciduous broadleaf forests migrated to the south of the Changbai Mountains and the Liaodong Peninsula. The isolated woodlands increased on the Songnen Plain and the meadow-steppes expanded to the Liaohe Plain. Therefore, the increase in temperature leads to the increase of monsoon precipitation in NE China, which is beneficial to the development of warm-temperate forest vegetation. The increase of summer monsoons and precipitation caused by climate warming may be the main reason for the improved plant load.

Vegetation pattern of Northeast China during the special periods since the Last Glacial Maximum

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Vegetation pattern of Northeast China during the special periods since the Last Glacial Maximum