Actinidia Lindl. Belongs to the family Actinidiaceae. Plants of this genus are popularly known as kiwifruits and are traditionally used to treat a wide range of ailments associated with digestive disorders, rheumatism, kidney problems, cardiovascular system, cancers, dyspepsia, hemorrhoids, and diabetes among others. This review discusses the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical profile, and known pharmacological properties of Actinidia plants, to understand their connotations and provide the scientific basis for future studies. The data were obtained by surveying journal articles, books, and dissertations using various search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Web of Science. The online databases; World Flora Online, Plants of the World Online, International Plant Names Index, and Global Biodiversity Information Facility were used to confirm the distribution and validate scientific names of Actinidia plants. The isolated metabolites from these species were illustrated using ChemBio Draw ultra-version 14.0 software. Ten (10) species of Actinidia genus have been reported as significant sources of traditional medicines utilized to remedy diverse illnesses. Our findings revealed that a total of 873 secondary metabolites belonging to different classes such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alcohols, ketones, organic acids, esters, hydrocarbons, and steroids have been isolated from different species of Actinidia. These compounds were mainly related to the exhibited antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, anti-angiogenic, anticinoceptive, anti-tumor, and anticancer activities. This study assessed the information related to the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological properties of Actinidia species, which indicate that they possess diverse bioactive metabolites with interesting bioactivities. Actinidia plants have great potential for applications in folklore medicines and pharmaceuticals due to their wide ethnomedicinal uses and biological activities. Traditional uses of several Actinidia species are supported by scientific evidences, qualifying them as possible modern remedies for various ailments. Nonetheless, the currently available data has several gaps in understanding the herbal utilization of most Actinidia species. Thus, further research into their toxicity, mechanisms of actions of the isolated bioactive metabolites, as well as scientific connotations between the traditional medicinal uses and pharmacological properties is required to unravel their efficacy in therapeutic potential for safe clinical application. 

The genus actinidia lindl. (Actinidiaceae): A comprehensive review on its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a typical chronic microvascular complication of diabetes, characterized by proteinuria and a gradual decline in renal function. At present, there are limited clinical interventions aimed at preventing the progression of DN to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, Chinese herbal medicine presents a distinct therapeutic approach that can be effectively combined with conventional Western medicine treatments to safeguard renal function. This combination holds considerable practical implications for the treatment of DN. This review covers commonly used Chinese herbal remedies and decoctions applicable to various types of DN, and we summarize the role played by their active ingredients in the treatment of DN and their mechanisms, which includes how they might improve inflammation and metabolic abnormalities to provide new ideas to cope with the development of DN. With the keywords "diabetic nephropathy," "Chinese herbal medicine," "clinical effectiveness," and "bioactive components," we conducted an extensive literature search of several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang database, to discover studies on herbal formulas that were effective in slowing the progression of DN. The names of the plants covered in the review have been checked at MPNS (http://mpns.kew.org). This review demonstrates the superior total clinical effective rate of combining Chinese herbal medicines with Western medicines over the use of Western medicines alone, as evidenced by summarizing the results of several clinical trials. Furthermore, the review highlights the nephroprotective effects of seven frequently used herbs exerting beneficial effects such as podocyte repair, anti-fibrosis of renal tissues, and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism through multiple signaling pathways in the treatment of DN. The potential of herbs in treating DN is evident from their excellent effectiveness and the ability of different herbs to target various symptoms of the condition. However, limitations arise from the deficiencies in interfacing with objective bioindicators, which hinder the integration of herbal therapies into modern medical practice. Further research is warranted to address these limitations and enhance the compatibility of herbal therapies with contemporary medical standards. 

Chinese Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy: from Clinical Evidence to Potential Mechanisms.

Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue decoction (DBD) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription clinically employed for diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the components and pharmacological mechanisms of DBD against DN remain incompletely understood. 

Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue decoction against diabetic nephropathy via modulating the carbonyl compounds metabolic profile and AGEs/RAGE pathway

&lt;i&gt;Gnaphalium Affine&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Alleviates Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Antioxidants and Produces Changes in the Gut Microbiota

Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. Is a deciduous woody plant native to Eastern and Southeastern Asia. Different parts of this plant have a long history of being applied as traditional medicines to treat various diseases. The fruits have been used for antidiabetic, antidiabetic nephropathy (anti-DN), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of EtOAc (PEAE) and n-BuOH extracts (PNBE) from T. sinensis pericarps (TSP) on kidney injury in high-fat and high-glucose diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN mice by network pharmacology and pharmacological investigations, as well as to further discover active compounds that could ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby delaying DN progression by regulating the Nrf2/NF-κB pathway in high glucose (HG)-induced glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs). The targets of TSP 1–16 with DN were analyzed by network pharmacology. HFD/STZ-induced DN mouse models were established to evaluate the effects of PEAE and PNBE. Six groups were divided into normal, model, PEAE100, PEAE400, PNBE100, and PNBE400 groups. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, organ indices, plasma MDA, SOD, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, as well as renal tissue Nrf2, HO-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 levels were determined, along with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of kidney sections. Furthermore, GMC activity screening combined with molecular docking was utilized to discover active compounds targeting HO-1, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, western blotting assays were performed to validate the mechanism of Nrf2 and NF-κB in HG-induced GMCs. Network pharmacology predicted that the main targets of PEAE and PNBE in the treatment of DN include IL-6, INS, TNF, ALB, GAPDH, IL-1β, TP53, EGFR, and CASP3. Additionally, major pathways include AGE-RAGE and IL-17. In vivo experiments, treatment with PEAE and PNBE effectively reduced FBG levels and organ indices, while plasma MDA, SOD, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, renal tissue Nrf2, HO-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 levels, and renal function were significantly improved. PEAE and PNBE significantly improved glomerular and tubule injury, and inhibited the development of DN by regulating the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation-related factors. In vitro experiments, compound 11 strongly activated HO-1 and inhibited TNF-α and IL-6. The molecular docking results revealed that compound 11 exhibited a high binding affinity towards the targets HO-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 (<−6 kcal/mol). Western blotting results showed compound 11 effectively regulated Nrf2 and NF-κB p65 protein levels, and significantly improved oxidative stress damage and inflammatory responses in HG-induced GMCs. PEAE, PNBE, and their compounds, especially compound 11, may have the potential to prevent and treat DN, and are promising natural nephroprotective agents. 

Integrated network pharmacology and pharmacological investigations to discover the active compounds of Toona sinensis pericarps against diabetic nephropathy

A review of the ethnobotanical value, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Physalis pubescens L.

Ding-Chuan-Tang (Abbreviated as DCT) is frequently prescribed for treatment of respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the potential mechanism of DCT has not been investigated.The aim of the study is to explore the efficiency of DCT in the treatment of COPD in vivo and in vitro, and to illustrate the possible mechanism against COPD.COPD model was induced by exposure of mice to cigarette smoke (CS) for 16 weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay, Western blot, etc., were used to explore the efficiency and mechanisms of DCT. Network pharmacology analysis, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, etc., was performed to explore the potential targets in the treatment of DCT on COPD.DCT significantly alleviated pulmonary pathological changes in mouse COPD model, and inhibited inflammatory response induced by CS and LPS in vivo and in vitro. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that DCT alleviated COPD via inhibiting inflammation by regulating PI3K-AKT pathway. In cell-based models, DCT suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT, which further regulated its downstream targets Nrf2 and NF-κB, and inhibited inflammatory response.DCT effectively attenuated COPD in the mouse model induced by CS. The therapeutic mechanism of DCT against COPD was closely associated with the regulation of PI3K-AKT pathway and its downstream transcription factors, Nrf2 and NF-κB. 

Integrated network pharmacology and pharmacological investigations to explore the potential mechanism of Ding-Chuan-Tang against chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Sphaeropsidin A covalently binds to Cys 151 of Keap1 to attenuate LPS-induced acute pneumonia in mice.

In many famous formulas of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong (L. chuanxiong) is commonly used as an ingredient for promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis to treat diabetic nephropathy. However, its material basis and mechanism of action still needed to be explored. The aim of this work is to elucidate the potential effective parts (phthalides) of L. chuanxiong responsible for renal protection and to explore the possible mechanism of renal protection. A method based on column chromatography of macroporous resin was established to enrich an effective part (LCE70), and the composition of LCE70 was identified by HPLC-UV and UPLC-MS/MS methods. DN mice model was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) to evaluate the protective effect of LCE70 on DN. In vitro, the suppressive effect of LCE70 on oxidative damage, inflammation and its mechanism were tested using immunoblot analysis, ELISA, etc. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) was adopted to verify the interaction between the phthalides and the key targets involved in renal injury. LCE70 displayed therapeutic potential against metabolic disorders, renal dysfunction, and fibrosis in a DN model induced by STZ in mice. Furthermore, it markedly reduced oxidative stress of the kidney in DN mice by activating Nrf2 pathway. Z-ligustilide, the main component of LCE70, reacted with Keap1, and thus promoted Nrf2 dissociating from Keap1 to activate Nrf2 pathway. LCE70 improved hyperglycemia-induced renal function by enhancing the Nrf2 activation, reducing collagen deposition, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for DN. 

Phthalides from the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. attenuate diabetic nephropathy in mice.


 
 Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a high-fatality respiratory disease, and the development of new therapeutic agents is ongoing. The rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (L. chuanxiong) has been prescribed for the therapy of ALI in traditional Chinese medicine.
 
 
 
 The purpose of this article is to explore the effective ingredients, targets, and mechanisms in the treatment of L. chuanxiong on ALI.
 
 
 
 The active ingredients of L. chuanxiong were obtained in the TCMSP, and their potential targets and ALI targets were predicted in TCMSP, Swiss target prediction, and Genecards database. A PPI network was constructed in the string online platform, and KEGG and GO enrichment analysis were conducted in the metascape online platform. Phytochemical investigation of the rhizome of L. chuanxiong was performed with chemical separation methods and structural elucidation techniques, and their pharmacological effects were evaluated using LPS-induced mouse ALI model and cell-based assays.
 
 
 
 Network pharmacology analyses indicated that the treatment of L. chuanxiong on ALI was associated with its anti-inflammatory effect. The key genes mainly include TNF, STAT3, EGFR, AKT1, BCL2, CASP3, and SRC, and the active compounds are its signature component, phthalides. Phytochemical investigation led to the elucidation of 23 phthalides, which demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect in vitro and in vivo. Of which, chuanxiongdiolide A, levistilide A, butylphthalide, and senkyunolide A were indeed effective in mitigating ALI in an LPS-induced mouse model.
 
 
 
 The combined network pharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological investiagtions revealed that the therapeutical effect of L. chuanxiong against ALI was associated with inhibition of the inflammatory response by phthalides.


Exploring the bioactive substances and mechanisms of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. treating acute lung injury based on combined network pharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigations

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