Nanocellulose has been subjected to a wide range of chemical modifications towards increasing its potential in certain fields of interest. These modifications either modulated the chemistry of the nanocellulose itself or introduced certain functional groups onto its surface, which varied from simple molecules to polymers. Among many, aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di-isocyanates are a group of chemicals that have been used for a century to modify cellulose. Despite only being used recently with nanocellulose, they have shown great potential as surface modifiers and chemical linkers to graft certain functional chemicals and polymers onto the nanocellulose surface. This review discusses the modification of cellulose and nanocellulose using isocyanates including phenyl isocyanate (PI), octadecyl isocyanate (OI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), and their derivatives and polymers. It also presents the most commonly used nanocellulose modification strategies including their advantages and disadvantages. It finally discusses the challenges of using isocyanates, in general, for nanocellulose modification.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/15/2782/pdf

A Review of the Surface Modification of Cellulose and Nanocellulose Using Aliphatic and Aromatic Mono- and Di-Isocyanates

Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties of novel cellulose acetate sorbate.

Poly(butylene glycol adipate)diol (PBGA) was successfully grafted onto cellulose diacetate (CDA) backbone by two-step reactions. PBGA macromonomers was firstly terminated with isocyanate groups to obtain graft precursor (NCOPBGA), and then the NCOPBGA was grafted onto cellulose diacetate. FTIR, NMR, DSC and TGA measurements were applied to characterize the resultant CDA-g-PBGA copolymer. SEM and AFM studied the surface morphologies of CDA and copolymers. The water absortion and degradation experiment indicated the water absortion and degradation rate decreased with increasing the content of PBGA.

Preparation and characterization of cellulose diacetate-graft-poly(butylene glycol adipate) copolymers

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Preparation and characterization of cellulose diacetate-graft-poly(butylene glycol adipate) copolymers