This article is written from an organic chemist's point of view and provides an up-to-date review about organic solar cells based on small molecules or oligomers as absorbers and in detail deals with devices that incorporate planar-heterojunctions (PHJ) and bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) between a donor (p-type semiconductor) and an acceptor (n-type semiconductor) material. The article pays particular attention to the design and development of molecular materials and their performance in corresponding devices. In recent years, a substantial amount of both, academic and industrial research, has been directed towards organic solar cells, in an effort to develop new materials and to improve their tunability, processability, power conversion efficiency, and stability. On the eve of commercialization of organic solar cells, this review provides an overview over efficiencies attained with small molecules/oligomers in OSCs and reflects materials and device concepts developed over the last decade. Approaches to enhancing the efficiency of organic solar cells are analyzed.

Small molecule organic semiconductors on the move: promises for future solar energy technology.

The rapidly expanding field of polymer and organic solar cells is reviewed in the context of materials, processes and devices that significantly deviate from the standard approach which involves rigid glass substrates, indium-tin-oxide electrodes, spincoated layers of conjugated polymer/fullerene mixtures and evaporated metal electrodes in a flat multilayer geometry. It is likely that significant advances can be found by pursuing many of these novel ideas further and the purpose of this review is to highlight these reports and hopefully spark new interest in materials and methods that may be performing less than the current state-of-the-art in their present form but that may have the potential to outperform these pending a larger investment in effort.

Advanced materials and processes for polymer solar cell devices

Electrochromic materials, both organic and inorganic, have widespread applications in light-attenuation, displays and analysis. Written in an accessible manner, this book provides a comprehensive treatment of all types of electrochromic systems and their many applications. Coverage develops from electrochromic scope and history to new searching presentations of optical quantification and theoretical mechanistic models. Non-electrode electrochromism and photo-electrochromism are summarised, with updated comprehensive reviews of electrochromic oxides (tungsten-trioxide particularly), metal co-ordination complexes and metal-cyanometallates, viologens and other organics; and more recent exotics such as fullerenes, hydrides, and conjugated electroactive polymers are also covered. The book concludes by examining device construction and durability. With an extensive bibliography, recent advances in the field, modern applications and a step-by-step development from simple examples to sophisticated theories, this book is ideal for researchers in materials science, polymer science, electrical engineering, physics, chemistry, bioscience and (applied) optoelectronics.

/pdf/electrochromism-and-electrochromic-devices-2brphss8z6.pdf

Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices

Hyperbranched polymers (HPs) are highly branched three-dimensional (3D) macromolecules. Their globular and dendritic architectures endow them with unique structures and properties such as abundant functional groups, intramolecular cavities, low viscosity, and high solubility. HPs can be facilely synthesized via a one-pot polymerization of traditional small molecular monomers or emerging macromonomers. The great development in synthetic strategies, from click polymerization (i.e., copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition, metal-free azide–alkyne cycloaddition, strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition, thiol–ene/yne addition, Diels–Alder cycloaddition, Menschutkin reaction, and aza-Michael addition) to recently reported multicomponent reactions, gives rise to diverse HPs with desirable functional/hetero-functional groups and topologies such as segmented or sequential ones. Benefiting from tailorable structures and correspondingly special properties, the achieved HPs have been widely applied in various fields such as light-emitting materials, nanoscience and technology, supramolecular chemistry, biomaterials, hybrid materials and composites, coatings, adhesives, and modifiers. In this review, we mainly focus on the progress in the structural control, synthesis, functionalization, and potential applications of both conventional and segmented HPs reported over the last decade.

Hyperbranched polymers: advances from synthesis to applications

As one kind of important functional material, those with advanced optical, electrical and magnetic characteristics have attracted increasing attention due to their essential and irreplaceable role in the daily life of humans. In particular, optical, electrical and magnetic hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) exhibit some unique properties, partially derived from their highly branched topological structures. This review summarizes the recent progress in the field of functional HBPs and their application in optics, electronics and magnetics, including light-emitting polymers, nonlinear optical materials, chemosensors, solar cells, magnetic materials, etc., and also gives some outlooks for further exploration in this field at the end of this paper.

Functional hyperbranched polymers with advanced optical, electrical and magnetic properties.

Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a star-shaped molecule with triphenylamine as core and benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazol vinylene as arms

A new triphenylamine-based hyperbranched polyfluorene with oxadiazole units on its side chains

A photo-crosslinkable polymer, poly[2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-co-2,7-(9-hexyl-9-(2-acrylate ethyl)-9H-fluorene)] (P3), was synthesized and the photo-crosslinkable acrylate groups were introduced into the side-chains of the polyfluorene derivative after its polymerization. This method avoids the possible crosslinkage of the crosslinkable groups on the monomers during polymerization in the traditional synthesis route by the polymerization of the monomers with the crosslinkable side-chains. The soluble and processable polymer P3 could be crosslinked via the acrylate groups in its side-chains upon exposure to UV light in nitrogen atmosphere. The crosslinking was confirmed by IR spectroscopy: the IR peak of CC bond at 1635 cm−1 decreased and that of the vinyl CH bond at 742 cm−1 disappeared after the UV exposure. The absorption spectra of P3 remain unchanged after crosslinking, but a longer wavelength emission at 517 nm appeared in the photoluminescent and electroluminescent spectra of the crosslinked P3, which could be attributed to the formation of keto defects during the photo crosslinking. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2336–2342, 2006

Synthesis and characterization of photo‐crosslinkable polyfluorene with acrylate side‐chains

Cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the microstructure of electrochromic nickel oxide

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Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a star-shaped molecule with triphenylamine as core and benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazol vinylene as arms

A new triphenylamine-based hyperbranched polyfluorene with oxadiazole units on its side chains

Synthesis and characterization of photo‐crosslinkable polyfluorene with acrylate side‐chains

Cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the microstructure of electrochromic nickel oxide