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Theory And Practice Of Histotechnology

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs in preventing and treating infectious diseases caused by pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Because of the burgeoning growth of microbes with antimicrobial-resistant traits, there is a dire need to identify and develop novel and effective antimicrobial agents to treat infections from antimicrobial-resistant strains. The marine environment is rich in ecological biodiversity and can be regarded as an untapped resource for prospecting novel bioactive compounds. Therefore, exploring the marine environment for antimicrobial agents plays a significant role in drug development and biomedical research. Several earlier scientific investigations have proven that bacterial diversity in the marine environment represents an emerging source of structurally unique and novel antimicrobial agents. There are several reports on marine bacterial secondary metabolites, and many are pharmacologically significant and have enormous promise for developing effective antimicrobial drugs to combat microbial infections in drug-resistant pathogens. In this review, we attempt to summarize published articles from the last twenty-five years (1996-2020) on antimicrobial secondary metabolites from marine bacteria evolved in marine environments, such as marine sediment, water, fauna, and flora.

/pdf/marine-bacterial-secondary-metabolites-a-treasure-house-for-9rm9xip4z8.pdf

Marine Bacterial Secondary Metabolites: A Treasure House for Structurally Unique and Effective Antimicrobial Compounds.

At present, antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing issues in healthcare globally. The development of new medicine for clinical applications is significantly less than the emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria, thus modification of existing medicines is a useful avenue. Among several approaches, nanomedicine is considered of potential therapeutic value. Herein, we have synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) conjugated with clinically-approved drugs (Quercetin, Ceftriaxone, Ampicillin, Naringin and Amphotericin B) with the aim to evaluate their antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli K1, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The nanoparticles and their drug conjugates were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Antibacterial activity was performed by dilution colony forming unit method and finally 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed to determine their cytotoxic effects against human cell lines. ZnO-NPs revealed maxima surface plasmon resonance band at 374 and after conjugation with beta-cyclodextrin at 379 nm, polydispersity with size in range of 25–45 nm with pointed shaped morphology. When conjugated with ZnO-NPs, drug efficacy against MDR bacteria was enhanced significantly. In particular, Ceftriaxone- and Ampicillin-conjugated ZnO-NPs exhibited potent antibacterial effects. Conversely, ZnO-NPs and drugs conjugated NPs showed negligible cytotoxicity against human cell lines except Amphotericin B (57% host cell death) and Amphotericin B-conjugated with ZnO-NPs (37% host cell death). In conclusion, the results revealed that drugs loaded on ZnO-NPs offer a promising approach to combat increasingly resistant bacterial infections.

/pdf/zinc-oxide-nanoparticles-conjugated-with-clinically-approved-2bbeik31fo.pdf

Zinc oxide nanoparticles conjugated with clinically-approved medicines as potential antibacterial molecules

Bacterial infection, which is still one of the leading causes of death in humans, poses an enormous threat to the worldwide public health system. Antibiotics are the primary medications used to treat bacterial diseases. Currently, the discovery of antibiotics has reached an impasse, and due to the abuse of antibiotics resulting in bacterial antibiotic resistance, researchers have a critical desire to develop new antibacterial agents in order to combat the deteriorating antibacterial situation. Natural chalcones, the flavonoids consisting of two phenolic rings and a three-carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system, possess a variety of biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and so on. Due to their potent antibacterial properties, natural chalcones possess the potential to become a new treatment for infectious diseases that circumvents existing antibiotic resistance. Currently, the majority of research on natural chalcones focuses on their synthesis, biological and pharmacological activities, etc. A few studies have been conducted on their antibacterial activity and mechanism. Therefore, this review focuses on the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of seventeen natural chalcones. Firstly, seventeen natural chalcones have been classified based on differences in antibacterial mechanisms. Secondly, a summary of the isolation and biological activity of seventeen natural chalcones was provided, with a focus on their antibacterial activity. Thirdly, the antibacterial mechanisms of natural chalcones were summarized, including those that act on bacterial cell membranes, biological macromolecules, biofilms, and quorum sensing systems. This review aims to lay the groundwork for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents based on chalcones. 

Isolation and biological activity of natural chalcones based on antibacterial mechanism classification.

Luteolin, a promising quorum quencher mitigates virulence factors production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa - In vitro and in vivo approach.

It is now well known that the quorum sensing (QS) mechanism coordinates the production of several virulence factors and biofilm formation in most pathogenic microorganisms. Aeromonas hydrophila is a prime pathogen responsible for frequent outbreaks in aquaculture settings. Recent studies have also continuously reported that A. hydrophila regulates virulence factor production and biofilm formation through the QS system. In addition to the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, biofilm-mediated antibiotic resistance increases the severity of A. hydrophila infections. To control the bacterial pathogenesis and subsequent infections, targeting the QS mechanism has become one of the best alternative methods. Though very few compounds were identified as QS inhibitors against A. hydrophila, to date, the screening and identification of new and effective natural QS inhibitors is a dire necessity to control the infectious A. hydrophila. The present study endorses naringin (NA) as an anti-QS and anti-infective agent against A. hydrophila. Initially, the NA showed a concentration-dependent biofilm reduction against A. hydrophila. Furthermore, the results of microscopic analyses and quantitative virulence assays displayed the promise of NA as a potential anti-QS agent. Subsequently, the downregulation of ahh1, aerA, lip and ahyB validate the interference of NA in virulence gene expression. Furthermore, the in vivo assays were carried out in zebrafish model system to evaluate the anti-infective potential of NA. The outcome of the immersion challenge assay showed that the recovery rate of the zebrafish has substantially increased upon treatment with NA. Furthermore, the quantification of the bacterial load upon NA treatment showed a decreased level of bacterial counts in zebrafish when compared to the untreated control. Moreover, the NA treatment averts the pathogen-induced histoarchitecture damages in vital organs of zebrafish, compared to their respective controls. The current study has thus analyzed the anti-QS and anti-infective capabilities of NA and could be employed to formulate effective treatment measures against A. hydrophila infections.

/pdf/anti-quorum-sensing-and-protective-efficacies-of-naringin-un25uj9y4c.pdf

Anti-quorum Sensing and Protective Efficacies of Naringin Against Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Danio rerio.

Quantitative proteomics reveals the antibiotics adaptation mechanism of Aeromonas hydrophila under kanamycin stress.

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Anti-quorum Sensing and Protective Efficacies of Naringin Against Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Danio rerio.

Quantitative proteomics reveals the antibiotics adaptation mechanism of Aeromonas hydrophila under kanamycin stress.