Current status and environment impact of direct straw return in China's cropland - A review.

Straw return accompany with low nitrogen moderately promoted deep root

Consumption of rice has been shown to be an important route of dietary exposure to methylmercury (MeHg, a neurotoxin) for Asians having a low fish but high rice diet. Therefore, factors that increase MeHg production and bioaccumulation in soil-rice systems, could enhance the risk of MeHg exposure. On the basis of a national-scale survey in China (64 sites in 12 provinces) and rice cultivation experiments, we report that straw amendment, a globally prevalent farming practice, could increase MeHg concentrations in paddy soils (11-1043%) and rice grains (95%). By carrying out a series of batch incubation, seedling uptake and sand culture experiments, we demonstrate that these increases could be attributed to (1) enhanced abundances/activities of microbial methylators and the transformation of refractory HgS to organic matter-complexed Hg, facilitating microbial Hg methylation in soils; (2) enhanced MeHg mobility, and increased root lengths (35-41%) and tip numbers (60-105%), increasing MeHg uptake by rice roots; and (3) enhanced MeHg translocation to rice grains from other tissues. Results of this study emphasize fresh organic matter-enhanced MeHg production and bioaccumulation, and highlight the increased risk of MeHg after straw amendment and thus the need for new policies concerning straw management.

Increased Methylmercury Accumulation in Rice after Straw Amendment

https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2015/147624/fiecrores_a2015m9v181p42.pdf

Rice straw incorporation affects global warming potential differently in early vs. late cropping seasons in Southeastern China

Crop residue returning (RR) is a promising option to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, which is linked to crop yield promotion, ecologically sustainable agriculture, and climate change mitigation. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the responses of SOC storage and sequestration rates to RR in China’s croplands. Based on a national meta-analysis of 365 comparisons from 99 publications, the results indicated that RR increased SOC storage by 11.3% compared to residue removal (p 10 yrs), an increase in SOC storage under RR by 11.6–15.5% could be obtained. The SOC sequestration rate of RR varied from 0.48 (Central China) to 1.61 (Southwest China) Mg C ha−1 yr−1, with a national average value of 0.93 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. Higher SOC sequestration rates enhanced crop production. However, decreases in SOC sequestration rate were observed with increases in experimental durations. The phenomenon of “C saturation” occurred after 23 yrs of RR. Overall, RR can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly and climate-smart management practice for long-term use.

Effects of Residue Returning on Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Sequestration Rate in China’s Croplands: A Meta-Analysis

Soil puddlability, a measure of susceptibility of soil to puddling, affects regeneration of soil structure during the rice growth period, but the intrinsic controlling factors are unclear. It was hypothesized that rice straw incorporation and tillage depth influence soil puddlability and soil mechanical and hydraulic properties during the rice growth period as they influence soil organic carbon (SOC) in the plough layer. Using a three-year experiment, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effects of rice straw incorporation and tillage depth on root growth traits, sinkage resistance after puddling, and tensile strength, shrinkage capacity, water retention curve and penetration resistance during the rice growth period, and (2) to determine whether mechanical properties from puddling tillage, through the rice growth period, to harvest are correlated with SOC concentration. Rice straw was incorporated partially (C1) and fully (C2) to different depths of plough layer by shallow tillage (ST) and deep tillage (DT). Compared with no rice straw incorporation (C0), rice straw incorporation decreased the sinkage resistance after puddling (C2

Effects of rice straw incorporation and tillage depth on soil puddlability and mechanical properties during rice growth period

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Effects of rice straw incorporation and tillage depth on soil puddlability and mechanical properties during rice growth period