Graphdiyne (GDY), which possesses the advantages of optical transparency, ultra-high mechanical flexibility and excellent optoelectronic properties, has been used in various fields, such as electrochemistry, storage and flexible electronics. Here, GDY fabricated by the Glaser-Hay coupling reaction serves as an outstanding nonlinear optical material that can produce ultrashort laser pulses from Tm:YAG solid-state cavities. The as-prepared GDY-based device has been successfully utilized as a saturable absorber, displaying that the modulation depth and saturation intensity are ∼12.8% and ∼1.14 MW/cm2, respectively. The output pulse duration is ∼895 ns and the pulse repetition frequency of ∼180.5 kHz @2007.6 nm. These results provide that GDY is a candidate nonlinear optical material for generating ultrashort pulses, which is of tremendous interest for potential applications in photonic devices and nonlinear optics. 

2 µm passively Q-switched Tm:YAG pulse laser with a graphdiyne saturable absorber

Real-time structural characterization of isotactic polypropylene during cast film extrusion

In this paper, we report two different saturable absorbers based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and utilize them to Q-switch a Dy3+/Tb3+:LuLiF4 crystal yellow laser. The samples are fabricated by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and characterized with the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of the WS2 and WSe2 samples are explored using a balanced twin-detector technique. Efficient passive Q-switched operations are achieved with the maximum average output power of 37 mW and 54 mW using WS2 and WSe2 saturable absorbers, respectively. The experimental results indicate the potential of TMDs for all-solid-state Q-switched pulses in the yellow laser. 

Q-switched yellow dysprosium laser based on transition metal dichalcogenide saturable absorbers

Abstract Despite extensive research, the stabilization mechanism of mesomorphic isotactic polypropylene (iPP) at room temperature has not been elucidated completely. To address this issue, nanoscale structural information is indispensable. In this study, mesomorphic‐α phase transition is studied with synchrotron wide‐angle diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. It is found that during phase transition, the mobile amorphous content remained unchanged, while rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) decreased constantly, accompanied by an increase in long period. Assuming that the increase in long period is induced by the extension of the rigid amorphous coil (RAC), the thickness of RAF ( R RAF ) is estimated, which is found to be 2.2 nm. This value is greater than the length of b axis in α crystal cell, which can be the reason that folded‐chain iPP clusters in mesomorphic iPP cannot approach closer to form α crystal at room temperature. Besides, with R RAF , the thickness of smectic layer is estimated, which is found to be 0.9 nm. At this thickness, bulk‐free energy cannot compensate for the folded‐surface free energy, which can be the other reason that mesomorphic iPP chains cannot transit into α crystal at room temperature. The information obtained in this study is favorable for understanding the stabilization mechanism of mesomorphic iPP. 

Estimations of the Thicknesses of Smectic Layer and Rigid Amorphous Layer in Mesomorphic Isotactic Polypropylene with Synchrotron Small‐Angle and Wide‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering

The pulse laser using a saturable absorber as a passive device has the advantages of narrow pulse width, high repetition rate, and high pulse energy. Low‐dimensional materials have attracted research interest in recent years due to their excellent saturable absorption properties, ultra‐fast carrier response speed, high damage threshold, and so on. This paper gives a brief review of the state‐of‐the‐at 2 µm solid‐state lasers using saturable absorbers. The output performance of lasers in repetition rate, pulse energy, pulse width, and wavelength are summarized. The paper is expected to provide a development direction of novel materials as saturable absorbers in 2 µm solid‐state lasers.

Development of 2 μm all‐solid‐state pulsed laser using a saturable absorber

In this paper, a doubly passively Q‐switched (PQS) Tm:YAP laser was experimentally realized by using two WS2‐based saturable absorbers (SAs) for the first time. Under the doubly PQS operation, the pulse width of 0.93 µs at 1989.3 nm was obtained with an average output power (AOP) of 391 mW and peak power of 4.04 W. While for PQS Tm:YAP laser with single WS2‐based SA, a pulse width of 1.63 µs and an AOP of 676 mW was achieved with a peak power of 3.4 W. The experiment results indicate a conclusion that the doubly PQS technology is an efficient method to further compress the pulse width, enhance the stability of the pulses train, and improve the AOP for the Tm:YAP laser.

Passively Q‐switched operation of a Tm:YAP laser with two WS2‐based saturable absorbers

The uniform bulk mesomorphic iPP is prepared by rapid compression, and its structural evolution under stretching at different temperatures is studied by combining wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering. Results show that stretching can induce mesophase to crystallize into α-phase or promote this phase transformation synergistically with temperature, which depends on the selection of stretching temperature. When the temperature is lower than the glass transition temperature of rigid amorphous fraction (RAF), stress could make RAF devitrify firstly and then induce meso-α phase transition during the strain-softening process. As the temperature increases, the high temperature could induce meso-α phase transition to occur before the strain softening, while stretching could promote this transition. When the temperature is higher than a critical value around 100°C, the mesophase can be transformed into α-phase completely during stretching. SAXS results show that all the transformed α-crystal exhibits nodular morphology, and they are ductile with greatly enhanced deformability. Based on the results, a reasonable mechanism of meso-α transformation in the stretching process is proposed, explaining the phase transition that goes through several different steps.

Crystallization Behavior of Rapid-Compression-Induced Mesomorphic Isotactic Polypropylene during Uniaxial Stretching at Different Temperatures

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Passively Q‐switched operation of a Tm:YAP laser with two WS2‐based saturable absorbers

Crystallization Behavior of Rapid-Compression-Induced Mesomorphic Isotactic Polypropylene during Uniaxial Stretching at Different Temperatures