We report on the realization of an ultracold mixture of lithium atoms in the ground state and ytterbium atoms in an excited metastable (3P2) state. Such a mixture can support broad magnetic Feshbach resonances which may be utilized for the production of ultracold molecules with an electronic spin degree of freedom, as well as novel Efimov trimers. We investigate the interaction properties of the mixture in the presence of an external magnetic field and find an upper limit for the background interspecies two-body inelastic decay coefficient of K2'<3×10(-12)  cm3/s for the 3P2 mJ=-1 substate. We calculate the dynamic polarizabilities of the Yb(3P2) magnetic substates for a range of wavelengths, and find good agreement with our measurements at 1064 nm. Our calculations also allow the identification of magic frequencies where Yb ground and metastable states are identically trapped and the determination of the interspecies van der Waals coefficients.

/pdf/ultracold-heteronuclear-mixture-of-ground-and-excited-state-1j80x3tufl.pdf

Ultracold Heteronuclear Mixture of Ground and Excited State Atoms

The Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF), which has acquired wide applications, is mainly limited to some gaseous elements and low melting-point metals before, for the restriction of the attainable atomic density. In conventional FADOF systems a high atomic density is usually achieved by thermal equilibrium at the saturated vapor pressure, hence for elements with high melting-points a high temperature is required. To avoid this restriction, we propose a scheme of FADOF based on the hollow cathode lamp (HCL), instead of atomic vapor cells. Experimental results in strontium atoms verified this scheme, where a transmission peak corresponding to the 88Sr (5s2)1S0 − (5s5p)1P1 transition (461 nm) is obtained, with a maximum transmittance of 62.5% and a bandwith of 1.19 GHz. The dependence of transmission on magnetic field and HCL discharge current is also studied. Since the state-of-art commercial HCLs cover about 70 elements, this scheme can greatly expand the applications of FADOFs and the abundant atomic transitions they provide bring the HCL based FADOFs potential applications for frequency stabilization.

/pdf/hollow-cathode-lamp-based-faraday-anomalous-dispersion-4h0xjadlo2.pdf

Hollow cathode lamp based Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter

Excited states and the ground state of the diatomic molecule RbSr were calculated by post Hartree-Fock molecular orbital theory up to 22 000 cm(-1) We applied a multireference configuration interaction calculation based on multiconfigurational self-consistent field wave functions Both methods made use of effective core potentials and core polarization potentials Potential energy curves, transition dipole moments, and permanent electric dipole moments were determined for RbSr and could be compared with other recent calculations We found a good agreement with experimental spectra, which have been obtained recently by helium nanodroplet isolation spectroscopy For the lowest two asymptotes (Rb (5s (2)S) + Sr (5s4d (3)P°) and Rb (5p (2)P°) + Sr (5s(2) (1)S)), which exhibit a significant spin-orbit coupling, we included relativistic effects by two approaches, one applying the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian to the multireference configuration interaction wave functions, the other combining a spin-orbit Hamiltonian and multireference configuration interaction potential energy curves Using the results for the relativistic potential energy curves that correspond to the Rb (5s (2)S) + Sr (5s4d (3)P°) asymptote, we have simulated dispersed fluorescence spectra as they were recently measured in our lab The comparison with experimental data allows to benchmark both methods and demonstrate that spin-orbit coupling has to be included for the lowest states of RbSr

Ab initio study of the RbSr electronic structure: potential energy curves, transition dipole moments, and permanent electric dipole moments.

Investigation of the RbCa molecule: Experiment and theory.

Ultracold paramagnetic and polar diatomic molecules are among the promising systems for quantum simulation of lattice-spin models. Unfortunately, their experimental observation is still challenging. Based on our recent ab initio calculations, we analyze the feasibility of all-optical schemes for the formation of ultracold $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}^{84}\mathrm{Sr}$ bosonic molecules. A first possibility is photoassociation followed by spontaneous emission. The photoassociation rate coefficients toward electronic states converging to the $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}(5s\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{2}S_{1/2})+^{84}\mathrm{Sr}(5s5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{0,1,2}$) asymptotes are particularly small for vibrational levels close to the asymptote. The creation of molecules would be more interesting by using deeply bound levels which preferentially relax to the ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=0$ level of the ground state. On the other hand, the photoassociation rate coefficients toward electronic states correlated to the $\mathrm{Rb}(5p\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{2}P_{1/2,3/2})+\mathrm{Sr}(5{s}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{1}S_{0}$) are significant for levels close to the asymptote. The spontaneous emission thus creates weakly bound molecules in a single vibrational level. A second option relies on stimulated Raman adiabatic passage implemented in a tight optical trap. It efficiently creates weakly bound ground-state molecules in a well-defined level, thus providing a promising alternative to magnetic Feshbach resonances for further population transfer toward the absolute ground state of the RbSr molecule.

Proposal for the formation of ultracold deeply bound RbSr dipolar molecules by all-optical methods

Using fitted model potential curves of the ground and lowest three excited states yielded by the relativistic Kramers-restricted multireference configuration interaction method with 19 electrons correlated, we theoretically investigate the rovibrational properties including the number of vibrational state and diagonally distributed Franck-Condon factors for a ${}^{87}\text{Rb}{}^{84}\text{Sr}$ molecule. Benefiting from a turning point at about ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=20$ for the Franck-Condon factors between the ground state and spin-orbit $2(\ensuremath{\Omega}=1/2)$ excited state, we choose $|2(\ensuremath{\Omega}=1/2),{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}=21,{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1\ensuremath{\rangle}$ as the intermediate state in the three-level model to theoretically analyze the possibility of performing stimulated Raman adiabatic passage to transfer weakly bound RbSr molecules to the rovibrational ground state. With 1550 nm pump laser (2 W/${\text{cm}}^{2}$) and 1342 nm dump laser (10 mW/${\text{cm}}^{2}$) employed and appropriate settings of pulse time length (about 300 $\ensuremath{\mu}$s), we have formalistically achieved a round-trip transfer efficiency of 60%, namely 77% for one-way transfer. The results demonstrate the possibility of producing polar ${}^{87}\text{Rb}{}^{84}\text{Sr}$ molecules efficiently in a submicrokelvin regime, and further provide promising directions for future theoretical and experimental studies on alkali-alkaline(rare)-earth dimers.

Prospects for transferring 87 Rb 84 Sr dimers to the rovibrational ground state based on calculated molecular structures

Multistep laser resonance ionization spectroscopy of lutetium (Lu) has been performed at TRIUMF's off-line laser ion source test stand. The even-parity Rydberg series $6{s}^{2}nd{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{3/2}, 6{s}^{2}nd{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{5/2}$, and $6{s}^{2}ns{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}$ were observed converging to the $6{s}^{2}$ ionization potential. The experimental results have been compared to those of previous work. Fifty-one levels of Rydberg series $6{s}^{2}nd{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{2}{D}_{5/2}$ and 52 levels of Rydberg series $6{s}^{2}ns{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}$ were reported. Additionally, six even-parity autoionization (AI) series converging to Lu ionic states $5d6s{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{3}{D}_{1}$ and $5d6s{\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}}^{3}{D}_{2}$ were observed. The level energies of these AI states were measured. The configurations of the AI states were assigned by relativistic multichannel theory within the framework of multichannel quantum defect theory.

Even-parity Rydberg and autoionizing states of lutetium by laser resonance-ionization spectroscopy

We theoretically explore the scattering properties in collisions between in the ground state and fermionic in the metastable state. Unlike the role of the electronic spin degree of freedom in collisions of two alkali-metal atoms, the orbital degrees of freedom from the p electron of the metastable atoms, which induce not only mixings between different partial waves but also couplings between channels in different fine-structure manifolds, introduce the anisotropic interactions for producing broad-enough Feshbach resonances. Our closed-coupling calculation shows that this mechanism is similar to that in highly magnetic atoms, but the resonances also suffer from a large inelastic rate at the magnitude of to lower-lying fine-structure states or Zeeman sublevels, which will be an obstacle for associating ultracold polar molecules with both electron spin and electric dipole momentum. However, such a rich mixture of inelastic processes, and the experimental advantage of immunity from intraspecies inelastic collisions for metastable fermionic allow for precise investigations on the interspecies scattering properties for systems with excited-state atoms included.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/17/10/103036/pdf

Anisotropy induced Feshbach resonances in mixture of {}^{6}{\rm{Li}}{(}^{2}{\rm{S}})\;+\;{}^{171}{\rm{Yb}}{(}^{3}{{\rm{P}}}_{2})

Saturated absorption Doppler broadening spectral line device

We analyze the polarization spectrum of S10−P11 transition in atomic ytterbium with bosonic and fermionic isotopes in a hollow cathode lamp. Bosonic signals are created by saturation effects because of their only nondegenerate ground state, whereas fermionic counterparts are generated by optical pumping. The dependence of spectral signals on the cathode lamp current as well as the powers of the pump and probe beams are systematically investigated. Optimized parameters for future frequency-locking applications are suggested. The effects of pump beam polarization are determined by comparing results obtained from a circularly polarized pump beam to those obtained from an elliptically polarized one; here, enhanced signals were achieved by the former compared with the latter.

Polarization spectroscopy of ^1S_0−^1P_1 transition of neutral ytterbium isotopes in hollow cathode lamp

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