Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with high efficiency and nonpollution characteristics have attracted massive attention from both academic and industrial communities due to their irreplaceable roles in building the future sustainable energy system. However, the stability issue of Pt-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has become a central constraint to the widespread deployment of the devices relative to the catalytic activity. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into how to improve the stability of Pt-based catalysts for ORR. First, the basic physical chemistry behind the catalyst degradation, including the fundamental understandings of carbon corrosion, catalyst dissolution, and particle sintering, is highlighted. After a discussion of advanced characterization techniques for the catalyst degradation, the design strategies for improving the stability of Pt-based catalysts are summarized. Finally, further insights into the remaining challenges and future research directions are also provided.

Stabilizing Pt-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Fundamental Understanding and Design Strategies.

The energy crisis and climate change are growing threats to human society. Fuel cells and electrolyzers using solar and wind as energy sources provide a promising carbon-free and sustainable energy future as an alternative to the present fossil fuels. Robust and efficient electrocatalysts constitute the cornerstone for practical applications of fuel cells and electrolyzers. However, their rational design is hindered by the lack of knowledge of the active site structures, the reaction pathways, and the degradation mechanisms. This calls for the operando characterization of the electrode–electrolyte–gas interface of electrocatalytic processes under working conditions. This review describes the understanding of various operando techniques for diverse nano-, molecular and single atom electrocatalysts. We highlight the progress achieved via operando techniques toward the elucidation of the structure–activity relationships of electrocatalysts.

Operando characterization techniques for electrocatalysis

Transition metal carbides and nitrides are interesting non-precious materials that have been shown to replace or reduce the loading of precious metals for catalyzing several important electrochemical reactions. The purpose of this review is to summarize density functional theory (DFT) studies, describe reaction pathways, identify activity and selectivity descriptors, and present a future outlook in designing carbide and nitride catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR), CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and alcohol oxidation reactions. This topic is of high interest to scientific communities working in the field of electrocatalysis and this review should provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of improved carbide and nitride electrocatalysts.

Density functional theory studies of transition metal carbides and nitrides as electrocatalysts.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ese3.833

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The activity degradation mechanism of Pt/C and PtCo/C electrocatalysts in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells during the accelerated degradation test (ADT) was directly investigated by the in situ ...

Comparative Investigation on the Activity Degradation Mechanism of Pt/C and PtCo/C Electrocatalysts in PEMFCs during the Accelerate Degradation Process Characterized by an in Situ X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

A derivative of mesoporous oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts from citric acid and dicyandiamide

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Composition-Graded Cu–Pd Nanospheres with Ir-Doped Surfaces on N-Doped Porous Graphene for Highly Efficient Ethanol Electro-Oxidation in Alkaline Media

Comparative Investigation on the Activity Degradation Mechanism of Pt/C and PtCo/C Electrocatalysts in PEMFCs during the Accelerate Degradation Process Characterized by an in Situ X-ray Absorption Fine Structure

A derivative of mesoporous oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts from citric acid and dicyandiamide