The development of high temperature gas sensors for industrial applications such as combustion processes is essential to improve energy efficiency and reduce toxic emissions. However, gas sensors operating at high temperatures up to 1000 °C typically encounter many challenging issues, such as thermal and long-term stability, sensitivity, reproducibility and selectivity. This feature article discusses a variety of solid-state gas sensors that can be operated at high temperatures above 600 °C. The basic working principles for each type of solid-state gas sensor are briefly introduced, including potentiometric, amperometric, resistive and impedancemetric sensors. The key results and discussions of previous studies on high temperature O2, CO, HCs and NOx sensors are also presented with emphasis on the development of suitable electrolytes and sensing materials with good thermal stability and sensing performance for such high temperature gas sensing applications. Finally, the challenges and scope for future development are discussed.

Solid-state gas sensors for high temperature applications – a review

Mixed conductivities of A-site deficient Y, Cr-doubly doped SrTiO3 as novel dense diffusion barrier and temperature-independent limiting current oxygen sensors

Review—Electrochemical NOx Gas Sensors Based on Stabilized Zirconia

Properties of limiting current oxygen sensor with La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ solid electrolyte and La0.8Sr0.2(Ga0.8Mg0.2)1−xCrxO3−δ dense diffusion barrier

The La0.8Sr0.2(Ga1−x
 Co
 x
 )0.8Mg0.2O3−δ
 (LSGMC x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25) and La0.8Sr0.2(Ga1−x
 Fe
 x
 )0.8Mg0.2O3−δ
 (LSGMF x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) samples were prepared by solid-state reaction. The structure, conductivity, thermal expansion behavior, and chemical compatibility were studied by XRD, dilatometry, and four-terminal method. A limiting current oxygen sensor was prepared with La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.83Mg0.17O2.815 as a solid electrolyte and La0.8Sr0.2(Ga0.75Co0.25)0.8Mg0.2O3−δ
 as a dense diffusion barrier. The oxygen-sensitive characteristic was measured at different oxygen concentrations. The results show that the phase structure of samples is cubic, except La0.8Sr0.2(Ga0.75Co0.25)0.8Mg0.2O3−δ
 , which has a hexagonal structure. The change in activation energy for electrical conductivity and the increase in thermal expansion coefficient are confirmed to correlate with an increasing concentration of oxygen vacancies. The limiting current oxygen sensor exhibits a good limiting current platform and the limiting current depends linearly on the oxygen concentration: I
 L(mA) = 12.8519 + 2.2667 $$x_{{\text{O}_{\text{2}} }}$$
 (mol%, 0 < 
 $$x_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$
  < 3.31) at 750 °C, I
 L(mA) = 14.3222 + 3.5180 
 $$x_{{\text{O}_{\text{2}} }}$$
 (mol%, 0 < 
 $$x_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$
  < 4.16) at 800 °C, and I
 L(mA) = 15.2872 + 5.0269
 $$x_{{\text{O}_{\text{2}} }}$$
 (mol%, 0 < 
 $$x_{{{\text{O}}_{ 2} }}$$
  < 4.12) at 850 °C. The sensor has the best sensitivity at 850 °C. As the oxygen concentration increases, the interface resistance of the sensor decreases at 850 °C.

A Limiting Current Oxygen Sensor Based on LSGM as a Solid Electrolyte and LSGMN (N = Fe, Co) as a Dense Diffusion Barrier

A high performance limiting current oxygen sensor with Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte and La0.8Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3 diffusion barrier

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A high performance limiting current oxygen sensor with Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte and La0.8Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3 diffusion barrier