Inclusions modification by rare earth in steel and the resulting properties: A review

A plant trial of the production of 60Si2Mn–Cr spring steel using silicon–manganese combined with aluminium to deoxidise was performed, and the characteristics of inclusions during ladle furnace refining, calcium treatment and in billets were investigated by scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectroscopy and thermodynamic calculations. The formation mechanisms of oxide and CaS inclusions are discussed. The experimental observation and thermodynamic analysis showed that calcium treatment cannot entirely modify large-size MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions into homogeneous CaO–MgO–Al2O3 inclusions, but formed a liquid xCaO·yAl2O3 layer on its surface. When the Al content was 0.05 mass%, [Mg], [Ca] and [O] in molten steel could be controlled at 2.7∼5 ppm, 2.5∼8 ppm and 4.1∼5.2 ppm, respectively, to achieve inclusions in the low melting point region. A large amount of CaS was generated in the present process due to a higher sulphur concentration in the molten steel and an excessive amount of Ca–Si wire. ...

Characteristics analysis of inclusion of 60Si2Mn–Cr spring steel via experiments and thermodynamic calculations

The effect of manganese content, aluminium content, top slag and stirring on manganese-containing inclusions characteristics was investigated by laboratory thermal experiments and precipitation thermodynamics calculation. The results indicated that the types of manganese-containing inclusions in manganese steel were mainly single MnS, MnS–Al2O3, MnS–TiN and MnS–Al2O3–TiN complex inclusions. The morphology of manganese-containing inclusions was transformed from spherical and ellipsoidal to polyhedral as result of manganese content increased, which is attributed to large solidus-liquidus phase difference of high manganese steel, promoting the formation of type III MnS. It is also found that the manganese-containing inclusions shows irregular morphology with clear angularities after addition of aluminium, which was determined by both formation of flaky AlN and type III MnS with polygonal caused by increased of activity coefficient of S and the surface tension of molten steel. Furthermore, the manganese-containing inclusions in manganese steel is considered MnS–MnO type with top salg, in which patchy or multipoint shape MnS is embedded on the surface of oxide. The force field analysis in induction stirring demonstrated that the inclusion particles are removed by top slag and refractory adsorption under the action of strong electromagnetic force and buoyancy. This work provides an improved understanding for the controlling and removing of manganese-containing inclusions in high quality medium/high manganese steel. 

Formation, Evolution and Remove Behavior of Manganese-containing Inclusions in Medium/High Manganese Steels

Evaluation of Calcium Treatment on Oxide and Sulfide Inclusions Through Modification Indexes

Sustainable Development in the Removal and Photocatalytic Reduction of Heavy Metals in Wastewaters Using Environmentally Friendly and Health Benign Porphyrin-based Metal-Organic Frameworks

The artificial neural network was applied to predict the calcium yield during calcium treatment process. Three types of neural network models were established, and the optimal model was selected. Effects of contents and temperature of the molten steel on the calcium yield were calculated using the optimal model. The currently developed model can be used to improve the calcium yield and the stability of calcium content during the calcium treatment process.

Prediction of Calcium Yield During Calcium Treatment Process Performed in Steelmaking Using Neural Network

In the current study, two plant trials for the ladle refining process without and with the calcium treatment were compared to investigate the effect of the calcium treatment on the inclusion deformation in Si-Mn-killed 18Cr-8Ni stainless steels. The total aluminum rose from 10 ppm to 25 ppm due to the slag and steel reaction, increasing the Al2O3 in inclusions during the ladle refining process. Without the calcium treatment, inclusions changed from Al2O3-SiO2-MnO-CaO with about 20% MnO to Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-CaO with about 10% MnO. The calcium treatment obviously lowered Al2O3 and MnO in inclusions and led to the formation of CaO-rich inclusions. Inclusions changed from Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-MnO to SiO2-CaO-Al2O3 after the calcium treatment of Si-Mn-killed stainless steels. Calculations showed that the calcium treatment of 15−25 ppm lowered the melting temperature of inclusions but further additions increased the melting temperature. Calculations also showed that calcium addition lowered Young’s modulus. Calcium treatment was an effective method to improve the deformability of inclusions in Si-Mn-killed stainless steel during the cold rolling process.

Effect of calcium treatment on inclusions in Si-Mn-killed 304 stainless steels

Osteo-angiogenic and antibacterial activity of a multifunctional micro-porous coating on zirconium alloy

Surface modification of zirconium alloy implants by collagen encapsulated strontium ranelate@PCN-224 coating to improve biocompatibility and promote osseointegration

Effect of Calcium Treatment on Non-metallic Inclusions in Steel During Refining Process

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