In this work, the influence of surface effects, including residual surface stress, surface elasticity and surface piezoelectricity, on the vibrational and buckling behaviors of piezoelectric nanobeams is investigated by using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The surface effects are incorporated by applying the surface piezoelectricity model and the generalized Young-Laplace equations. The results demonstrate that surface effects play a significant role in predicting these behaviors. It is found that the influence of the residual surface stress and the surface piezoelectricity on the resonant frequencies and the critical electric potential for buckling is more prominent than the surface elasticity. The nanobeam boundary conditions are also found to influence the surface effects on these parameters. This study also shows that the resonant frequencies can be tuned by adjusting the applied electrical load. The present study is envisaged to provide useful insights for the design and applications of piezoelectric-beam-based nanodevices.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/22/24/245703/pdf

The vibrational and buckling behaviors of piezoelectric nanobeams with surface effects

Recent advances in biosensors based on enzyme inhibition

Piezoelectric nano-structures have been regarded as the next-generation piezoelectric material due to their inherent nano-sized piezoelectricity. This review summarizes the recent theoretical and experimental findings in piezoelectric nano-structures, including piezoelectric nanowires, nanoplates, nanobeams, nanofilms, nanoparticles, and piezoelectric heterogeneous materials containing piezoelectric nano-inhomogeneities. To begin, the types of piezoelectric nano-structured materials and the wide application of piezoelectric nano-structures in recent years are delineated. Next, the theoretical foundations including the definition of surface stress and electric displacement, the surface constitutive relations, the surface equilibrium equations, and nonlocal piezoelectricity, and their applications, are illustrated. Then, the effective mechanical and piezoelectric properties are depicted. Furthermore, the experimental investigations are classified, and some important observations are discussed. Finally, the perspectives and challenges for the future development of piezoelectric nano-structures are pointed out.

Fundamental formulations and recent achievements in piezoelectric nano-structures: a review

Considerable effort has been made to study the piezoelectric effect on the nanoscale, which serves as a physical basis for a wide range of smart nanodevices and nanoelectronics. This paper reviews recent progress in the research on the piezoelectric properties and electromechanical effects of piezoelectric nanomaterials (PNs). The review begins with an introduction to existing PNs which exhibit a diverse range of atomic structures and configurations. The nanoscale measurement of their effective piezoelectric coefficients (EPCs) is summarised with an emphasis on the major factors determining the piezoelectric properties of PNs. The paper concludes with a review of the electromechanical theories that are able to capture the small-scale effects on PNs, which include the surface piezoelectricity, flexoelectricity and Eringen's nonlocal theory. In contrast to the classical theories, two types of EPCs are defined, which were found to be size-dependent and loading condition-selective.

Piezoelectric effects and electromechanical theories at the nanoscale.

Pollution related to pesticides has become a global problem due to their low utilization and non-targeting application, and nanotechnology has shown great potential in promoting sustainable agriculture. Nowadays, mesoporous silica-based nanomaterials have garnered immense attention for improving the efficacy and safety of pesticides due to their distinctive advantages of low toxicity, high thermal and chemical stability, and particularly size tunability and versatile functionality. Based on the introduction of the structure and synthesis of different types of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), the multiple roles of mesoporous silica in safe pesticide application using nanotechnology are discussed in this Review: (i) as nanocarrier for sustained/controlled delivery of pesticides, (ii) as adsorbent for enrichment or removal of pesticides in aqueous media, (iii) as support of catalysts for degradation of pesticide contaminants, and (iv) as support of sensors for detection of pesticides. Several scientific issues, strategies, and mechanisms regarding the application of MSNs in the pesticide field are presented, with their future directions discussed in terms of their environmental risk assessment, in-depth mechanism exploration, and cost-benefit consideration for their continuous development. This Review will provide critical information to related researchers and may open up their minds to develop new advances in pesticide application.

Multiple Roles of Mesoporous Silica in Safe Pesticide Application by Nanotechnology: A Review.

A continuum model of piezoelectric potential generated in a bent ZnO nanorod cantilever is presented by means of the first piezoelectric effect approximation. The analytical solution of the model shows that the piezoelectric potential in the nanorod is proportional to the lateral force but is independent along the longitudinal direction. The electric potential in the tensile area and that in the compressive area are antisymmetric in the cross section of the nanorod, which makes the nanorod a 'parallel plate capacitor' for piezoelectric nanodevices, such as a nanogenerator. The magnitude of piezoelectric potential for a ZnO nanorod of 50 nm diameter and 600 nm length bent by a 80 nN lateral force is about 0.27 V, which is in good agreement with the finite element method calculation.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/43/24/245403/pdf

A continuum model of piezoelectric potential generated in a bent ZnO nanorod

Using tetraethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as the silica sources, amino-functionalized mesoporous silica thin films with 3-dimensional cubic structure have been deposited on conducting ITO substrate in the presence of surfactant F127 templates under acid conditions The acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) were incorporated into the pores of mesoporous thin films, and an amperometric biosensor was obtained After adsorption of AchE and Cyt c, the ordered cubic structure of mesoporous silica and the bioactivities and electrochemical activities of the immobilized protein and enzyme molecules were retained The sensor properties of the biosensor were investigated by using acetylthiocholine iodide as the substrate and Cyt c as the electron transfer mediator The inhibition versus the logarithm of concentration was found to be linear to organophosphorus pesticide dichlorvos over the concentration ranges of 10×10−8 mol/L to 10×10−3 mol/L with the detection limit of 31×10−9 mol/L

Biosensors based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized on mesoporous silica thin films

The electrical characteristics of Pt-ZnO Schottky nano-contact have been studied. Well aligned ZnO nanorod arrays were synthesized by two-step wet-chemical method. A Pt-coated conducting probe of atomic force microscope was placed on the head face of the ZnO nanorod, thereby forming a Pt-ZnO nano-contact. The I–V characteristic curve shows that the Pt-ZnO nano-contact exhibits rectifying effect, like a Schottky diode with an ideality factor of 3.2 and a reverse-bias breakdown voltage more than −10 V. The study suggests that a high electric field is induced on the ZnO beneath the contact point when a bias voltage is applied, hence, the Schottky barrier thickness is decreased, and results in easier tunneling across the Pt-ZnO interface and a large ideality factor.

Electrical characteristics of Pt-ZnO Schottky nano-contact

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A continuum model of piezoelectric potential generated in a bent ZnO nanorod

Biosensors based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized on mesoporous silica thin films

Electrical characteristics of Pt-ZnO Schottky nano-contact