Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, rev ...

Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011.

By mimicking the mammalian senses of taste and smell, artificial arrays of cross-reactive receptors have found use in a variety of sensing applications. Pattern recognition algorithms allow these arrays to be used for discriminating analytes and even for predicting the identity of unknown analytes. Furthermore, in selecting a signaling method for these assays, the choice of optical detection is particularly desirable due to its high sensitivity and the associated convenient instrumentation. This tutorial review provides a brief introduction to array sensing using optical detection and chemometrics. While differential sensing approaches have been used for a number of applications, this review focuses on progress towards the detection of chemical and biological hazards.

Array sensing using optical methods for detection of chemical and biological hazards

Molecularly-imprinted polymers (MIPs), possessing tailor-made recognition sites, can specifically rebind to a target molecule in preference to analogous compounds. Molecular-imprinting technology is a powerful tool in the development of highly selective analytical methods. MIPs are especially good candidates as adsorbents for sample preparation, due to their high selectivity and their ability to pre-concentrate the analytes from a complex sample matrix. In this article, we review and discuss the recent applications of MIPs to sample preparation. We briefly discuss the principle and the synthesis of MIPs. We critically evaluate novel applications of MIPs in different formats, including solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction, and magnetic beads. We especially highlight new formats and microextraction methods. We then discuss the problems and the future expected trends in these research areas.

Novel applications of molecularly-imprinted polymers in sample preparation

Core-shell surface molecular imprinting technology represents a rather new trend in analytical sciences. In this kind of material, the imprinting sites are located on the surface of the cores or shells of nanoparticles (NPs). This material can improve the capability of recognizing target molecules (analytes), reduce nonspecific adsorption, increase the relative adsorption capacity and selectivity, and accelerate the rate of mass transfer. This review (with 158 references) focuses on recent trends in core-shell MIPs. Following an introduction into the field, a first main section covers common core-materials including silica, magnetic NPs, quantum dots (including semiconductor quantum dots and carbon dots), gold and silver nanoclusters, and up-conversion materials. A further section covers the materials and reagents required for preparing MIPs (with subsections on templates, functional monomers, cross-linkers, initiators, and effects of solvent). A next main section covers synthetic approaches such as precipitation polymerization, emulsion polymerization, and grafting approach. A final section gives examples for applications of core-shell MIPs in analytical assays and in sensing.

Core-shell nanoparticles coated with molecularly imprinted polymers: a review

Introduction: Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors, characterized by a high selectivity for the selected template. Among the different applications of MIPs, their use as controlled/sustained drug delivery devices has been extensively explored, even though the optimization of such devices needs to be performed before they are applied in clinical practice. Areas covered: Within drug delivery, one of the most promising fields is the possibility to modulate the drug release profile in response to a specific external stimulus; MIPs represent potentially suitable vehicles, because of the possibility to insert a stimuli-responsive co-monomer in their structure. This review discusses recent advances in the use of external stimuli to modulate drug release, as well as the synthetic strategies devoted to increase the water compatibility of these systems, which is a base requirement for their application in biomedicine. Expert opinion: Although it is easy to imagine imprinted polymers for bio...

Molecularly imprinted polymers in drug delivery: state of art and future perspectives

Optical ammonia gas sensor based on a porous silicon rugate filter coated with polymer-supported dye.

Metal ion mediated molecularly imprinted polymer for selective capturing antibiotics containing beta-diketone structure.

Chemical and biological optical sensors based on porous silicon (PSi) have been intensively studied due to their large specific surface area, tunable pore structure, and a variety of transduction mechanisms. The sorption of the target molecules into the silicon pores alters the refractive index and, consequently, optical properties of PSi. Optical sensors based on PSi Fabry–P rot thin layers, waveguides, Bragg mirrors, luminescent and reflective microcavities (MCs) have been reported. Of these, PSi rugate filters are promising materials for the fabrication of gas sensors, in which two mechanisms are usually involved. Condensable vapors can be detected by PSi due to their tendency to condense into nanometer-sized pores by microcapillary action at temperatures well above the dew point of the liquid.As a result, the void space in the porous structure is filled with condensed vapor, leading to an increase of the average refractive index of the porous film. Gas can be also detected by specific adsorption onto the pore wall of the PSi through physical or chemical adsorptive processes. However, most of the gas sensors based on PSi materials demonstrate low specificity towards target molecules, since most of the condensation or adsorption processes involved in PSi-based sensors are nonselective. To resolve this problem, the surface of PSi has to be functionalized with specific chemical species that should exhibit strong affinity to target analytes. For example, conjugated polymers entrapped in PSi microcavities have been studied as optical sensors to selectively detect low-volatile explosives, such as trinitrotoluene. However, the diffusion rate of target molecules in polymers is slow, displaying a low-responding speed and poor reversibility. In principle, sensing material with a low glass temperature (Tg) is highly recommended. Liquids could be attractive sensing materials because partition and diffusion of molecules in liquids is relatively fast, although evaporation is another problem when using liquids. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have been used as sensing materials for quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based vapor-sensing devices. ILs have negligible vapor pressure and high thermal stability in air. These unique properties make them well-suited for acting as promising sensing elements for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). ILs are excellent solvents that can exploit many types of solvent–solute interactions, including hydrogen bonding, p–p interactions, dipolar interactions, and ionic interactions. In an individual IL–analyte system, different interactions might occur simultaneously. More importantly, the synthetic flexibility allows the tailoring of ILs with a broad range of chemical structures. Accordingly, the interaction of the target analyte with an array of ILs with different chemical structure will result in a unique partition profile. ILs usually consist of cations and anions, with each ion providing a different, completely independent, function. The tremendous structural and chemical diversity of ILs, as well as their remarkable thermal stability, offer an opportunity to design a cross-reactive sensor array. Detection and classification of gaseous analytes with pattern recognition at room temperature can thus be achieved. Herein, we report for the first time an IL array-patterned PSi rugate filter sensor (PSi/ILs) for optical detection and recognition of VOCs. Compared with QCM-based transducers, the optical transducers are more compatible with image technologies, which facilitate the rapid acquisition of data from a sensor array. The procedure for the preparation of an IL array-modified PSi is depicted in Scheme 1. As shown in the scheme,

An Optical Olfactory Sensor Based on Porous Silicon Infiltrated with Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid Arrays

Organic Vapor Sensing Based on the Light Scattering Effect of Condensed Microdroplets

The invention specifically relates to an ionic liquid filling type porous silicon optical VOC sensor array and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the field of manufacturing and detection technology for gas sensors. The sensor array is used for identification and detection of VOC. The array is composed of a plurality of gas-sensitive units with cross sensitivity response to VOC, each gas-sensitive unit is composed of an ionic liquid array filled in a nanometer porous silicon photonic crystal, and ionic liquid accounts for more than 80% of the porosity of a porous silicon layer. The optical VOC sensor array is used at normal temperature, so the operating temperature of the sensor is substantially reduced; the ionic liquid does not volatilize at normal temperature and is extremely stable; an optical signal of an array sensor can be obtained through CCD imaging, and accurate light intensity change data can be transmitted and obtained through an optical fiber and a micro fiber spectrometer; moreover, the signal response and the recovery speed ratio of the sensor array are obviously faster than those of other types of sensing materials, response time of the sensor array to VOC is 40 s, recovery time is no more than 1 min, and the sensor array has good anti-electromagnetic interference performance.

Ionic liquid filling type porous silicon optical VOC sensor array and preparation method thereof

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