an international collaborative project organized to publish the English edition and revision of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Flora of the People’s Republic of China, “FRPS”).The planned 25-volume FOC series, which is projected to be completed by 2013, will make available to the non-Chinese reading world, taxonomic treatments of one of the world’s richest and most diverse floras. China contains more than 1/12 of the earth’s total number of vascular plant species, approximately 53% of which are endemic. Volume 22, the twelfth to be published in the FOC series, is devoted solely to the grass family, Poaceae or Gramineae. This volume is the revision of the two-volume, 5-part FRPS treatment of the grasses that was published over the course of 15 years and completed in 1997. Grasses make up almost six percent of the total number of species of vascular plants in China. They occupy a variety of habitats across the country, from the moist forest steppe in the northeast, where wheat (Triticum L.) is cultivated, to the dry alpine steppe of the XizangQinghai plateau; to the northwest desert grasses, to the warm subtropical areas where rice (Oryza L.) is a major food crop. Worldwide there are 700 genera and 11,000 species of grasses, while in China (including Taiwan and the districts of Hong Kong and Macau), the grasses are represented by 28 tribes, 226 genera (7 endemic) and 1795 species (809 endemic). Twenty-five authors (15 Chinese and 10 from the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, or Switzerland) from 17 institutions collaborated on this volume. Although the treatment follows a modified Englerian system, the authors relied heavily on the Genera Graminum (Clayton and Renvoize, 1986) for the keys and descriptions of the tribes, and incorporated somemodern molecular studies. Before the treatment of the family begins, there is a useful glossary of botanical terms specific to the Poaceae, detailed line drawings of the parts of a typical grass, a systematic list of tribes and genera, and keys to the tribes. Taxa treated in this volume are either native to China, cultivated, or naturalized. Endemic genera and species are indicated with a bullet. The entry for each species includes the synonymy, author, a bibliographic citation, the Chinese name, and the Pinyin name. After the specific description, the chromosome numbers if known (2n=) are marked with an asterisk if from Chinese material. Habitats and provincial distributions are also provided, with occurrence beyond China given at the country level in brackets. A taxon’s economic and traditional medicine value is also noted. An informative note about the threatened status of several taxa is also provided. Many of China’s native species are valued for their uses in traditional medicine and for horticultural purposes. Many are overcollected and as China’s economy grows, many natural habitats are being destroyed or severely degraded. As in other FOC volumes, a list of nomenclatural novelties is added at the end of the volume. This is followed by three indices: Chinese plant names, Pinyin names, and scientific names. BOOK REVIEW

https://bioone.org/journals/harvard-papers-in-botany/volume-13/issue-2/1043-4534-13.2.299/Flora-of-China/10.3100/1043-4534-13.2.299.pdf

Flora of China

The herb Artemisia annua has been used for many centuries in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for fever and malaria. In 1971, Chinese chemists isolated from the leafy portions of the plant the substance responsible for its reputed medicinal action. This compound, called qinghaosu (QHS, artemisinin), is a sesquiterpene lactone that bears a peroxide grouping and, unlike most other antimalarials, lacks a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring system. The compound has been used successfully in several thousand malaria patients in China, including those with both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Derivatives of QHS, such as dihydroqinghaosu, artemether, and the water-soluble sodium artesunate, appear to be more potent than QHS itself. Sodium artesunate acts rapidly in restoring to consciousness comatose patients with cerebral malaria. Thus QHS and its derivatives offer promise as a totally new class of antimalarials.

Quinghaosu (artemisin): an antimalarial drug from china

The development of food-borne and infectious diseases has increased globally at an anomalous rate and is combined with emerging social and economic problems. This highlights the need for new and improved antibacterial agents with novel and different mechanisms of action at regular intervals. Some chemical or artificial food additives are considered harmful if they are used beyond their permissible levels. Today, consumers are demanding alternative, green, safer, and natural food additives to increase the shelf life of food. Essential oils (EOs) are concentrated liquid mixtures of volatile compounds with antioxidant and antibacterial properties that can be used as natural, eco-friendly, renewable, and cost-effective additives. The use of combinations of different EOs and their components is a promising strategy to increase the synergistic and additive effects of EOs in foods. In this article, we review the recent literature on EOs concerning the chemical constituents, extraction methods, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and their mechanisms of action. Additionally, we discuss the synergistic interaction of different EOs and their components, challenges, and future directions of EOs as natural food preservatives, with special emphasis on shelf life extension and applications in the packaging of food products.

Synergistic Antioxidant and Antibacterial Advantages of Essential Oils for Food Packaging Applications.

Artemisia annua L. (Chinese wormwood herb, Asteraceae) synthesizes artemisinin, which is known as qinghaosu, considers as a unique sesquiterpene endoperoxide lactone. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has been used for the treatment of fevers and haemorrhoides. More researches on Artemisia annua L. and its derivatives, especially artemisinin and other metabolites will help to increase the knowledge and value of A. annua and its constituents. Phenolics from Artemisia annua consists of coumarins, flavones, flavonols, phenolic acids, and miscellaneous. Artemisinin has attracted much attention from scientists due to its potent antimalarial properties as secondary metabolites. Moreover, more attentions are focusing on the roles of artemisinin and its derivatives in treating obesity and metabolic diseases. They also have anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-protozoa, anti-helminthic, anti-fungal, anti-angiogenic and antiproliferation properties. The most important derivatives of Artemisia annua L. are arteether, artemether, artemiside, artemisinin, artemisone, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin. Artemisinin also use against some cancers such as liver cancer, brain glioma, leukemia, nasopharyngeal cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer. This important gift from ancient Chinese traditional medicine can guarantee health of people all around the world. Further researches should be done on the new advances and development of artemisinin and its derivatives as potential natural medicine in the global fight against so many diseases, malaria included.

/pdf/exploring-artemisia-annua-l-artemisinin-and-its-derivatives-4f6j3nsqx2.pdf

Exploring Artemisia annua L., artemisinin and its derivatives, from traditional Chinese wonder medicinal science

Bioactive chitosan and essential oils in sustainable active food packaging: Recent trends, mechanisms, and applications

A sex- and site-specific relationship between body mass index and osteoarthritis: evidence from observational and genetic analyses.

The extraction of essential oil from Artemisia annua L. by ultrasonic-assisted steam distillation extraction (UASDE) was evaluated using the response surface methodology. The optimized conditions w...

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, Comparative Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Fresh and Dry Aboveground Parts of Artemisia annua L.

Photoswitchable adsorption of a Gemini surfactant containing Azobenzene group on the silica surface

Artemisia annua L. has been widely used as an antimalarial herbal medicine in China. The volatile oils of A. annua are also the main active substances, but the volatile oils in different growing pe...

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Volatile Oils in Different Periods of Growth of Artemisia annua L. from China

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A sex- and site-specific relationship between body mass index and osteoarthritis: evidence from observational and genetic analyses.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, Comparative Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Fresh and Dry Aboveground Parts of Artemisia annua L.

Photoswitchable adsorption of a Gemini surfactant containing Azobenzene group on the silica surface

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Volatile Oils in Different Periods of Growth of Artemisia annua L. from China