Kidney macrophages are central in kidney disease pathogenesis and have therapeutic potential in preventing tissue injury and fibrosis. Recent studies highlighted that kidney macrophages are notably heterogeneous immune cells that fulfill opposing functions such as clearing deposited pathogens, maintaining immune tolerance, initiating and regulating inflammatory responses, promoting kidney fibrosis, and degrading the extracellular matrix. Macrophage origins can partially explain macrophage heterogeneity in the kidneys. Circulating Ly6C+ monocytes are recruited to inflammatory sites by chemokines, while self-renewed kidney resident macrophages contribute to kidney repair and fibrosis. The proliferation of resident macrophages or infiltrating monocytes provides an alternative explanation of macrophage accumulation after kidney injury. In addition, dynamic Ly6C expression on infiltrating monocytes accompanies functional changes in handling kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Mechanisms underlying kidney macrophage heterogeneity, either by recruiting monocyte subpopulations, regulating macrophage polarization, or impacting distinctive macrophage functions, may help develop macrophage-targeted therapies for kidney diseases.

/pdf/macrophage-heterogeneity-in-kidney-injury-and-fibrosis-8ppa4zpm9z.pdf

Macrophage Heterogeneity in Kidney Injury and Fibrosis

http://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085253822006883/pdf

Urinary single-cell sequencing captures kidney injury and repair processes in human acute kidney injury.

Kidney single-cell transcriptome profile reveals distinct response of proximal tubule cells to SGLT2i and ARB treatment in diabetic mice

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue, affecting more than 10% of the worldwide population. The current approach for formal diagnosis and prognostication of CKD typically relies on non-invasive serum and urine biomarkers such as serum creatinine and albuminuria. However, histological evidence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the ‘gold standard’ marker of the likelihood of disease progression. The development of novel biomedical technologies to evaluate exfoliated kidney cells from urine for non-invasive diagnosis and prognostication of CKD presents opportunities to avoid kidney biopsy for the purpose of prognostication. Efforts to apply these technologies more widely in clinical practice are encouraged, given their potential as a cost-effective approach, and no risk of post-biopsy complications such as bleeding, pain and hospitalization. The identification of biomarkers in exfoliated kidney cells from urine via western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence techniques, measurement of cell and protein-specific messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)/micro-RNA and other techniques have been reported. Recent innovations such as multispectral autofluorescence imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have brought additional dimensions to the clinical application of exfoliated kidney cells from urine. In this review, we discuss the current evidence regarding the utility of exfoliated proximal tubule cells (PTC), podocytes, mesangial cells, extracellular vesicles and stem/progenitor cells as surrogate markers for the early diagnosis and prognostication of CKD. Future directions for development within this research area are also identified.

/pdf/exfoliated-kidney-cells-from-urine-for-early-diagnosis-and-3posj934.pdf

Exfoliated Kidney Cells from Urine for Early Diagnosis and Prognostication of CKD: The Way of the Future?

Background The kidney is a highly complex organ that performs diverse functions that are essential for health. Kidney disease occurs when the kidneys are damaged and fail to function properly. Single-cell analysis is a powerful technology that provides unprecedented insights into normal and abnormal kidney cell types and will transform our understanding of the mechanism underlying common kidney diseases. Summary Our understanding of kidney disease pathogenesis is limited by the incomplete molecular characterization of cell types responsible for kidney functions. Application of single-cell technologies for the study of the kidney has revealed cellular heterogeneity, gene expression signatures, and molecular dynamics during the onset and development of kidney diseases. Single-cell analyses of kidney organoids and allograft tissues offer new insights into kidney organogenesis, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes. Collectively, a better understanding of kidney cell heterogeneity and the molecular dynamics of kidney diseases will improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate the identification of novel treatment strategies in nephrology. Key message In this review article, we summarize recent single-cell studies on kidney diseases and discuss the impact of single-cell technology on both basic and clinical nephrology research.

/pdf/studying-kidney-diseases-at-the-single-cell-level-3h3avzmyq8.pdf

Studying Kidney Diseases at the Single-Cell Level.

A wide spectrum of lethal kidney diseases involves the irreversible destruction of the tubular structures which leads to loss of renal function. A reliable technological platform to culture and transplant adult human-derived cells with nephrogenic potential offers great hope to facilitate human kidney regeneration. Here, we show that in an appropriate feeder cell-based culture system, it is feasible to isolate and long-term expand the progenitor-like SOX9+ renal epithelial cells (SOX9+ RECs) from adult mammalians. Single cell-derived SOX9+ REC lines can be established from human needle biopsy or urine samples with molecular homogeneity and genomic stability maintained during culture. Such cells grown in 3D culture system could self-organize into renal organoids composed of proximal tubular, Loop of Henle (LOH) and distal tubular cells as illustrated by single cell transcriptomic analysis. Once being transplanted into the physically injured mouse kidney, the expanded single human SOX9+ RECs incorporated into the damaged area and demonstrated capacity of regenerating functional tubules in vivo. Altogether, the ability to extensively propagate human SOX9+ REC in culture whilst concomitantly maintaining their intrinsic lineage differentiation commitment suggests their future application in regenerative medicine.

/pdf/isolation-and-long-term-expansion-of-a-single-adult-human-4p99r5slpm.pdf

Isolation and long-term expansion of a single adult human renal epithelial cell with efficient kidney regeneration capacity

/pdf/single-cell-rna-seq-analysis-identified-kidney-progenitor-3vyty9irvk.pdf

Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis identified kidney progenitor cells from human urine

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Xiaobei Feng

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Isolation and long-term expansion of a single adult human renal epithelial cell with efficient kidney regeneration capacity

Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis identified kidney progenitor cells from human urine