Cause and composition of fetor hepaticus

Acute on Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF)

The analysis of exhaled breath has attracted considerable interest for use in disease diagnosis and for monitoring treatments. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches have been proven to be powerful analytical tools for breath analysis in clinical applications such as disease research, diagnosis, and monitoring. This review highlights MS methodologies as potential clinical tools in diagnosing human diseases. Different breath sampling methods and MS methods for breath analysis are reviewed, emphasizing their features, advantages, and limitations. Breath biomarkers from different diseases are summarized, describing their specificity, sensitivity, and drawbacks. The future perspectives and challenges on further development of MS-based breath diagnostics are discussed. 

Mass spectrometric analysis of exhaled breath: Recent advances and future perspectives

Navitoclax improves acute‐on‐chronic liver failure by eliminating senescent cells in mice

Background
Exhaled condensates contain inflammatory biomarkers; however, their roles in the clinical field have been under-investigated.


Methods
We prospectively enrolled subjects admitted to pulmonology clinics. We collected exhaled breath condensates (EBC) and analysed the levels of 6 and 12 biomarkers using conventional and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.


Results
Among the 123 subjects, healthy controls constituted the largest group (81 participants; 65.9%), followed by the preserved ratio impaired spirometry group (21 patients; 17.1%) and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group (21 patients; 17.1%). In COPD patients, PDGF-AA exhibited strong positive correlations with COPD assessment test (ρ = 0.5926, p = 0.0423) and SGRQ-C score (total, ρ = 0.6725, p = 0.0166; activity, ρ = 0.7176, p = 0.0086; and impacts, ρ = 0.6151, p = 0.0333). Granzyme B showed strong positive correlations with SGRQ-C score (symptoms, ρ = 0.6078, p = 0.0360 and impacts, ρ = 0.6007, p = 0.0389). IL-6 exhibited a strong positive correlation with SGRQ-C score (activity, ρ = 0.4671, p = 0.0378). The absolute serum eosinophil and basophil counts showed positive correlations with pro-collagen I alpha 1 (ρ = 0.6735, p = 0.0164 and ρ = 0.6295, p = 0.0283, respectively). In healthy subjects, FEV1/FVC demonstrated significant correlation with CCL3/MIP-1 alpha (ρ = 0.3897 and p = 0.0068). FEV1 exhibited significant correlation with CCL11/eotaxin (ρ = 0.4445 and p = 0.0017).


Conclusions
Inflammatory biomarkers in EBC might be useful to predict quality of life concerning respiratory symptoms and serologic markers. Further studies are needed.

Roles of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath Condensates in Respiratory Clinical Fields.

Metabolomic profiles of breath odor compounds for prognostic prediction in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: A pilot study.

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Metabolomic profiles of breath odor compounds for prognostic prediction in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: A pilot study.