Construction, mechanism and prospective of conductive polymer composites with multiple interfaces for electromagnetic interference shielding: A review

In recent decades, problems with electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation problems have arisen, that can seriously reduce the performance of precision devices nearby and threaten human health. In consequence, it is important to seek high efficiency materials to suppress EMI pollution. Generally, high magnetic permeability or electrical conductivity is essential for efficient EMI shielding. Conventionally, various forms of metal construction (sheet/films, coatings, etc.) are used for EMI shielding. However, metallic shielding has drawbacks that include high density, lack of corrosion resistance and expensive processing, which restrict its use in the modern electronic world. By contrast, conductive polymer composites (CPCs), formed from insulative polymers and conductive fillers, have attracted more and more interest from both industry and academia. CPCs have properties that offer great potential for application in efficient EMI shielding. These include low density, high flexibility, good chemical stability and easy processing and forming. From a theoretical viewpoint, it is generally accepted that the shielding of EM waves is due to the three basic mechanisms of reflection, absorption and multiple internal reflections. However, it must be recognized that the SE of CPCs has a close relation to the reflection mechanism, which can cause secondary EMI pollution. Therefore, materials with charge carriers or magnetic/electric dipoles as well as cellular structure should be the focus for the development of EMI shielding materials with strong absorption properties. On that basis, the main aim of this paper is to review the current position in research of the design of inorganic based foams (metal, carbon or MXene) and polymer composite foams as EMI shielding materials. On the one hand, these composite foams have the merit of being lightweight, and on the other hand, the special porous structure can effectively harvest microwaves by prolonging the travel path. As a result, absorption dominates EMI shielding, which satisfies current requirements of EMI shielding applications. This review also points out the future challenges and gives guidelines for finding solutions for the next generation of shielding applications using composite foams.

Advances in electromagnetic shielding properties of composite foams

Constructing nickel chain/MXene networks in melamine foam towards phase change materials for thermal energy management and absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference shielding

High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with ultralow density, excellent flexibility, and good mechanical properties are highly desirable for aerospace and wearable ...

Multifunctional Graphene Microstructures Inspired by Honeycomb for Ultrahigh Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Wearable Applications.

The electrocatalytic splitting of water holds great promise as a sustainable and environmentally friendly technology for hydrogen production. However, the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the...

Water electrolysis for hydrogen production: from hybrid systems to self-powered/catalyzed devices

The introduction of a cellular structure in conductive polymer composites is supposed to be an effective way to ameliorate the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties. Moreover, the wetting behavior should be taken into consideration when exposed to a moist environment. Herein, oleophilic conductive poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/multiwall nanotube (MWCNT) composite foams were successfully fabricated through a simple and effective batch foaming process. PVDF/MWCNT nanocomposite foams with various microcellular structures were obtained by controlling the foaming parameters (MWCNT content and impregnation temperature). The electrical conductivity (EC) and EMI shielding properties critically depended on their microcellular structure. Interestingly, the EC and EMI shielding properties declined with a higher degree of foaming in the range of 37–67% for PVDF/1 wt% MWCNT (FC1) and PVDF/2 wt% MWCNT (FC2) nanocomposite foams. Conversely, for the PVDF/5 wt% MWCNT (FC5) and PVDF/8 wt% MWCNT (FC8) nanocomposite foams, the EC and EMI shielding properties gradually increased with an increased degree of foaming in the range of 27–40 wt%. The optimal EMI shielding properties of PVDF-based nanocomposite foams containing MWCNT contents of 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 5 wt% and 8 wt% reached 18.6 dB, 31.5 dB, 88.3 dB and 132.6 dB, respectively, at a sample thickness of 4.0 mm. Analysis of the EMI shielding mechanism found that absorption resulting from multiple reflections and scattering, and strong conduction band polarization loss were the main contributing factors. Superior water repellency and high stability under wet conditions were also observed. For example, an FC5 foam sample with a void fraction of 39.4% displayed an average water contact angle of 113.6° and an average methyl-silicone oil contact angle of 10.5°. Thus, the PVDF/MWCNT foams could be a competitive candidate for EMI shielding and oil/water separation multi-functional applications.

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Dependence of electromagnetic interference shielding ability of conductive polymer composite foams with hydrophobic properties on cellular structure

The development of clean and renewable new energy to solve the shortage of fossil energy and environmental pollution is an important research direction in the future. Hydrogen energy has been regarded as a kind of future energy because of its excellent characteristics of pollution-free and high calorific value. In addition, the electrolyzed water technology can also be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar energy to achieve complete recycling of hydrogen energy. In actual production, the realization of efficient water splitting relies to a large extent on the low-cost, high-activity and durable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) reaction catalysts. Recently, heteroatom-doped transition metal-based water electrolysis catalyst materials have shown excellent electrocatalytic performance and durability for HER and OER, showing great potential for replacing precious metal-based catalysts. This article reviews the application of heteroatom doping strategies in transition metal-based catalytic materials and their latest research progress. First, summarize the internal relationship of heteroatom doping strategy to the morphology and catalytic activity of electrolyzed water catalytic materials. Then, the preparation process of heteroatom-doped transition metal-based catalytic materials for water electrolysis and the reasons for the improved performance and related mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the future development of heteroatom-doped transition metal-based catalytic materials are emphasized from the perspectives of catalytic mechanism and improvement measures. 

Application of heteroatom doping strategy in electrolyzed water catalytic materials

Fast and visual detection of nucleic acids using a one-step RPA-CRISPR detection (ORCD) system unrestricted by the PAM.

Controlling topological defects in liquid crystals (LCs) is an essential element in the development of areas such as directed self-assembly and micropatterning materials. However, during the phase transition on confined patterned surfaces, how the morphologies in one liquid crystalline phase change from deformations or defects into another phase is much less known. Here, we examine the fate of defects in a LC confined on a patterned surface during smectic-A-nematic and nematic-isotropic phase transitions, using experiments and simulation analyses. Upon heating from smectic-A to nematic, a Toric focal conical domain (TFCD) melts into a +1 converging boojum defect, which then transitioned into a concentric configuration as temperature increases, attributed to a steeper decrease of the bend and twist modulus compared to splay modulus. During cooling, TFCDs are developed from two distinct pathways depending on the cooling rates. Our continuum simulation recapitulates these transformations and provides elastic constant-based explanations for the two pathways. Although the phase transition pathways of defects are independent of the geometry of the confined patterns, the arrangement of FCDs is highly dependent on the size and shape of the patterns. Taken together, this simple approach offers promising opportunities for tuning the micro- or nano-patterning of topological defects in liquid crystals.

The fate of liquid crystal topological defects on chemically patterned surfaces during phase transitions.

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Dependence of electromagnetic interference shielding ability of conductive polymer composite foams with hydrophobic properties on cellular structure

Application of heteroatom doping strategy in electrolyzed water catalytic materials

Fast and visual detection of nucleic acids using a one-step RPA-CRISPR detection (ORCD) system unrestricted by the PAM.

The fate of liquid crystal topological defects on chemically patterned surfaces during phase transitions.