Graphene based materials: Past, present and future

Owing to their extraordinary electrical, chemical, optical, mechanical and structural properties, graphene and its derivatives have stimulated exploding interests in their sensor applications ever since the first isolation of free-standing graphene sheets in year 2004. This article critically and comprehensively reviews the emerging graphene-based electrochemical sensors, electronic sensors, optical sensors, and nanopore sensors for biological or chemical detection. We emphasize on the underlying detection (or signal transduction) mechanisms, the unique roles and advantages of the used graphene materials. Properties and preparations of different graphene materials, their functionalizations are also comparatively discussed in view of sensor development. Finally, the perspective and current challenges of graphene sensors are outlined (312 references).

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Biological and chemical sensors based on graphene materials

Graphene-based materials are gaining heightened attention as novel materials for environmental applications The unique physicochemical properties of graphene, notably its exceptionally high surface area, electron mobility, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength, can lead to novel or improved technologies to address the pressing global environmental challenges This critical review assesses the recent developments in the use of graphene-based materials as sorbent or photocatalytic materials for environmental decontamination, as building blocks for next generation water treatment and desalination membranes, and as electrode materials for contaminant monitoring or removal The most promising areas of research are highlighted, with a discussion of the main challenges that we need to overcome in order to fully realize the exceptional properties of graphene in environmental applications

Environmental applications of graphene-based nanomaterials.

Recent advances in graphene-based biosensors

Electrochemistry of graphene and related materials.

The self-assembly of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) functionalized graphene sheets (GSs) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by electrostatic attraction into novel hierarchical nanostructures in aqueous solution is reported Data from scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction demonstrate that the HRP―GSs bionanocomposites feature ordered hierarchical nanostructures with well-dispersed HRP intercalated between the GSs UV-vis and infrared spectra indicate the native structure of HRP is maintained after the assembly, implying good biocompatibility of SDBS-functionalized GSs Furthermore, the HRP―GSs composites are utilized for the fabrication of enzyme electrodes (HRP―GSs electrodes) Electrochemical measurements reveal that the resulting HRP―GSs electrodes display high electrocatalytic activity to H 2 O 2 with high sensitivity, wide linear range, low detection limit, and fast amperometric response These desirable electrochemical performances are attributed to excellent biocompatibility and superb electron transport efficiency of GSs as well as high HRP loading and synergistic catalytic effect of the HRP―GSs bionanocomposites toward H 2 O 2  As graphene can be readily non-covalently functionalized by "designer" aromatic molecules with different electrostatic properties, the proposed self-assembly strategy affords a facile and effective platform for the assembly of various biomolecules into hierarchically ordered bionanocomposites in biosensing and biocatalytic applications

Self-Assembled Graphene–Enzyme Hierarchical Nanostructures for Electrochemical Biosensing

Palladium nanoparticle/chitosan-grafted graphene nanocomposites for construction of a glucose biosensor

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Self-Assembled Graphene–Enzyme Hierarchical Nanostructures for Electrochemical Biosensing

Palladium nanoparticle/chitosan-grafted graphene nanocomposites for construction of a glucose biosensor