Natural and anthropogenic influences on the recent droughts in Yellow River Basin, China.

Fixed effects production functions and stochastic production frontiers are estimated and used to decompose dairy farm output growth into technological progress, technical efficiency, and increased input use or the size effect Unbalanced panel data for ninety-six Vermont dairy farmers for the 1971-84 period are utilized The results show a 25% average annual increase in milk output About 56% of this growth is attributed to the size effect and the remaining 44% to productivity growth Technological progress contributed about 94% to total productivity growth, while improvements in technical efficiency accounted for only 6%

An econometric decomposition of dairy output growth

Effective resource management requires an understanding of the complex associations that occur between natural ecosystems, managed environments, and a variety of economic, social and political factors. Many aspects of resource management are location dependent. They are defined or affected by physical aspects of the immediate or proximal environment, by statutory or legal aspects of the immediate or proximal location, by economic values associated with location, or by relationships with a potentially large variety of policies that create rights, responsibilities, risks or opportunities associated with location, or with attributes that are associated with location.
This study explores the capacity to geospatially enable the representation, analysis and communication of values that inform decision making in complex agro-ecological landscapes. Integrated ecological economic modelling provides one framework in which to account for these various and complex interconnections and interactions. The research begins with a review of spatially enabled integrated ecological economic models to reveal the state-of-the-art and the knowledge gap. A spatially enabled model is then designed to close the knowledge gap and is implemented in software as a tool for application to the analysis of decisions that lead to changes in land use.
In order to demonstrate the utility of the model and its implementation, a model farm is constructed that exhibits a variety of land capability and land uses typical of a farm within the Tasmanian Midlands region, Australia. Historical land use records are used to develop land use change scenarios and a semi-structured stakeholder survey is used to collect stakeholder values with which to populate the model. Outputs from this case study show how complex spatial and a-spatial data can be integrated and modelled, to deliver valuable information, to communicate that information both quantitatively and visually in order to inform policy processes.
This study contributes to the development of models that can be used in complex decision-making settings and that have capacity to be catalysts for, and to inform and support, dialogue between interested parties, supported by spatial reasoning, and providing for socially, environmentally and economically acceptable solutions.

Geospatially enabled modelling of values and decisions in agro-ecological landscapes

Revisiting the application of the SWAT model in arid and semi-arid regions: a selection from 2009 to 2022

Determination of the effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water based on geographically weighted regression

This study presents a basin-scale integrative hydrological, ecological, and economic (HEE) modeling system, aimed at evaluating the impact of resources management, especially agricultural water resources management, on the sustainability of regional water resources. The hydrological model in the modeling system was adapted from SWAT, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, to simulate the water balance in terms of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and streamflow. An ecological model was integrated into the hydrological model to compute the ecosystem production of biomass production and yield for different land use types. The economic model estimated the monetary values of crop production and water productivity over irrigated areas. The modeling system was primarily integrated and run on a Windows platform and was able to produce simulation results at daily time steps with a spatial resolution of hydrological response unit (HRU). The modeling system was then calibrated over the period from 1983 to 1991 for the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China. Calibration results showed that the efficiencies of the modeling system in simulating monthly streamflow over 5 hydrological stations were from 0.54 to 0.68 with an average of 0.64, indicating an acceptable calibration. Preliminary simulation results from 1986 to 1995 revealed that water use in the study region has largely reduced the streamflow in many parts of the area except for that in the riverhead. Spatial distribution of biomass production, and crop yield showed a strong impact of irrigation on agricultural production. Water productivity over irrigated cropland ranged from 1 to 1640 USD/(ha·mm−1), indicating a wide variation of the production conditions within the study region and a great potential in promoting water use efficiency in low water productivity areas. Generally, simulation results from this study indicated that the modeling system was capable of tracking the temporal and spatial variability of pertinent water balance variables, ecosystem dynamics, and regional economy, and provided a useful simulation tool in evaluating long-term water resources management strategies in a basin scale.

https://journal.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=727

Integrative assessment of hydrological, ecological, and economic systems for water resources management at river basin scale

This study presents an application of a well-calibrated integrative hydro-ecological model to examine water resources management in the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, an arid and semiarid area in northwestern China. The hydro-ecological model was developed to simulate dynamic and accumulative hydrologic, ecologic, and economic variables at different spatial units. Four water management scenarios based on water use priorities, a business-as-usual scenario, an ecological scenario, an irrigation use efficiency scenario and water use scenario were designed and modeled over the period of 2011–2020 to reflect alternative water management pathways to the future. Water resource conditions were assessed in terms streamflow, actual evapotranspiration, soil water, groundwater yield, overall water yield, and derived indicator of drought index. Unit crop yield was to assess ecological production, and monetary values of crop productivity and water productivity were used to assess economic output. Scenario analysis results suggested that water stress would continue in the study region under both current water use patterns and ecological scenarios of river flow being fully satisfied.Water use scenarios would result in decreased water availability and ecosystem degradation in the long run. Improving irrigation use efficiency would be the most efficient approach in securing long-term water and food supply. The simulation results from this study provided useful information for evaluating long-term water resources management strategies, and will contribute to the knowledge of interdisciplinary modeling for water resources management in the study region.

Application of an integrative hydro-ecological model to study water resources management in the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin

This paper reports a comprehensive analysis on farm production and resources sustainability in Northwest China during 1978 to 1999. Besides the five provincial regions (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang), the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River Basin were also included as a nested area for detailed evaluation. The gross value of farm production was chosen to be the dependent variable in data analysis. Independent variables include farm inputs of irrigation ratio, agricultural labor, fertilizer application, and farm machinery use. In the study period, farm production increased four- to five-fold in the regions, strongly associated with the increased application of technological inputs of fertilizer and machinery. Multivariate regressions were performed based on Cobb-Douglas and Frontier production functions between farm production and inputs. Based on the function parameters, the growth of farm production was decomposed into the contributions by farm inputs and total factor productivity. 10-20% of the growth in farm production was attributed to the increased irrigation ratio in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia, where the irrigation ratio was relatively lower than other regions and increased significantly during the study period. Productivity in irrigated farmland was found to be over 10 times higher than that of rainfed areas in the regions. For the provincial regions, technological input of fertilizer and machinery contributed to more than half of the growth in farm production in the period of 1978-1998. For the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River Basin, total factor productivity accounted for two-thirds of the farm output growth after 1985. In late 1990s, the regress of total factor productivity caused a significant reduction in farm production due to the drop in grain price and basin-wide drought. Total factor productivity in the basin was decomposed as two components of technological progress and relative technological efficiency. The relative technological efficiency was below 70% with a decreasing trend during 1980 to 1999. To integrate hydrological and economic processes in this study, a spatial model was developed to predict water supply and demand. Some preliminary results of this model were also presented.

Farm production and resources sustainability in Northwest China

This paper reports a study on the impact of resource use, irrigation in particular, on farm productivity in the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China. A comprehensive database was constructed with processed geographical, climatic, hydrologic, and economic data to provide information for the current and future studies. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to characterize the temporal trend and spatial variation in farm productivity and resource use. Regression models were developed to evaluate the farm productivity over different land-use types and to quantify the impact of inputs on farm productivity. Data analysis results indicated that the average farm productivity in the region increased by 1.67 fold during the period of 1980–1999, which was largely attributed to the intensive application of resources and technology inputs. The spatial pattern of precipitation was displaced with that of cultivation, causing the farm productivity in the region to be associated more with irrigation than with precipitation. The average farm productivity of irrigated cropland was 13 times that of rainfed cropland, that is, about 13 ha of rainfed cropland was needed to produce the same amount of farm products as that from one ha of irrigated cropland with the same species and quality. Irrigation could approximately double the farm productivity of rainfed cropland with other affecting factors remaining the same at the mean level over the region and stood as the most dominant factor in controlling farm productivity in the region. Farm productivity was also highly correlated to the application of chemical fertilizer in the period of study. Results from this study provided a strong economic argument for converting the less cultivable cropland back to natural ecosystems and an urgent call for directing future development in the region in a sustainable manner.

Impact of irrigation and other inputs on farm productivity in the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China

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Integrative assessment of hydrological, ecological, and economic systems for water resources management at river basin scale

Application of an integrative hydro-ecological model to study water resources management in the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin

Farm production and resources sustainability in Northwest China

Impact of irrigation and other inputs on farm productivity in the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China